Ada 编程/库/Ada.Text_IO

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此语言功能从 Ada 95 开始可用。

Ada.Text_IO 是自 Ada 95 以来预定义语言环境的一个单元。

描述

Text_IO 包用于文本格式的简单输入输出 (I/O)。

Text_IO 的技巧和窍门

从控制台读取整行

Ada 2005 有一个名为 Get_Line 的函数，它返回一个包含整行的全新创建字符串。

function Get_Line return String;

对于旧版本的 Ada，您需要做一些工作才能用一次调用获取完整的行。Get_Line 过程获取一行文本，文本的字符数量与 Item 的容量相同，或最多包含换行符指示符，以先到者为准。（换行符指示符的表示是实现定义的。）它具有以下规范

procedure Get_Line (Item: out String; Last: out Natural);

具体来说，考虑一个 Item，它的容量最多为 80 个字符。让我们读取两行，一行少于 80 个字符，比如 10 个，另一行至少 80 个，可能更多。调用

Get_Line (Item, Last);

将读取第一行到换行符指示符，并消耗它们；Item 的前 10 个字符将填充读取的文本，其余为垃圾；Last 将保存最后一个填充的索引。

下一个调用将读取 Item 可以容纳的最大字符数，即 80 个字符；行的剩余部分（如果有）和换行符指示符将保持未消耗状态。因此 Last 将为 Item'First - 1 + 80。为了消耗行的剩余部分，您必须再次调用 Get_Line。结果将类似于上面两种可能性之一，具体取决于剩余的行长度。如果没有读取字符（即当换行符指示符是唯一未读取的项时），Last 将保存值为 Item'First - 1。

以下示例展示了如何读取完整的行

with Ada.Text_IO;
with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;

function Get_Line return String is

  package Ustr renames Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
  package T_IO renames Ada.Text_IO;

  Everything: Ustr.Unbounded_String := Ustr.Null_Unbounded_String;
  Item      : String (1 .. 80);
  Last      : Natural;

begin

  Get_Whole_Line:
  loop
    T_IO.Get_Line (Item, Last);                                        -- *
    Ustr.Append (Source => Everything, New_Item => Item (1 .. Last));  -- *
    exit Get_Whole_Line when Last < Item'Last;  -- **
  end loop Get_Whole_Line;

  return Ustr.To_String (Everything);

end Get_Line;

作为练习，将 (*) 处的调用更改为

T_IO.Get_Line (Item (11 .. 20), Last);
Ustr.Append (Source => Everything, New_Item => Item (11 .. Last));

并查看 Item 和 Last 将保存哪些值。然后您需要使用哪个条件退出循环 (**)?

（当然，这样编码不是一个非常明智的做法，但作为学习指导，还是不错的。）

从文件读取整行

原则上与从控制台读取相同，但您还必须检查文件结尾。

exit Get_Whole_Line when Last < Item'Last
                      or T_IO.End_Of_File (File);

End_of_File 对于控制台输入始终为 False（除非您设法输入实现定义的 end_of_file 指示符）。格式良好的文本文件（即使用 Ada.Text_IO 创建的文件）始终会在 end_of_file 指示符之前保存 end_of_line（和 end_of_page）指示符（请参阅过程 Close）。

泛型嵌套包

Ada.Text_IO 针对标量类型的输入/输出具有以下嵌套包。唯一的参数是所涉及的类型。

Decimal_IO
Enumeration_IO
Fixed_IO
Float_IO
Integer_IO
Modular_IO

规范

--                     Standard Ada library specification
--   Copyright (c) 2003-2018 Maxim Reznik <[email protected]>
--   Copyright (c) 2004-2016 AXE Consultants
--   Copyright (c) 2004, 2005, 2006 Ada-Europe
--   Copyright (c) 2000 The MITRE Corporation, Inc.
--   Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Intermetrics, Inc.
--   SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause and LicenseRef-AdaReferenceManual
-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------

with Ada.IO_Exceptions;

package Ada.Text_IO is

   type File_Type is limited private;

   type File_Mode is (In_File, Out_File, Append_File);

   type Count is range 0 .. implementation_defined;
   subtype Positive_Count is Count range 1 .. Count'Last;
   Unbounded : constant Count := 0; --  line and page length

   subtype Field       is Integer range 0 .. implementation_defined;
   subtype Number_Base is Integer range 2 .. 16;

   type Type_Set is (Lower_Case, Upper_Case);

   --  File Management

   procedure Create (File : in out File_Type;
                     Mode : in File_Mode := Out_File;
                     Name : in String    := "";
                     Form : in String    := "");

   procedure Open   (File : in out File_Type;
                     Mode : in File_Mode;
                     Name : in String;
                     Form : in String := "");

   procedure Close  (File : in out File_Type);
   procedure Delete (File : in out File_Type);
   procedure Reset  (File : in out File_Type; Mode : in File_Mode);
   procedure Reset  (File : in out File_Type);

   function  Mode   (File : in File_Type) return File_Mode;
   function  Name   (File : in File_Type) return String;
   function  Form   (File : in File_Type) return String;

   function  Is_Open(File : in File_Type) return Boolean;

   --  Control of default input and output files

   procedure Set_Input (File : in File_Type);
   procedure Set_Output(File : in File_Type);
   procedure Set_Error (File : in File_Type);

   function Standard_Input  return File_Type;
   function Standard_Output return File_Type;
   function Standard_Error  return File_Type;

   function Current_Input   return File_Type;
   function Current_Output  return File_Type;
   function Current_Error   return File_Type;

   type File_Access is access constant File_Type;

   function Standard_Input  return File_Access;
   function Standard_Output return File_Access;
   function Standard_Error  return File_Access;

   function Current_Input   return File_Access;
   function Current_Output  return File_Access;
   function Current_Error   return File_Access;

   --   Buffer control
   procedure Flush (File : in out File_Type);
   procedure Flush;

   --  Specification of line and page lengths

   procedure Set_Line_Length (File : in File_Type; To : in Count);
   procedure Set_Line_Length (To   : in Count);

   procedure Set_Page_Length (File : in File_Type; To : in Count);
   procedure Set_Page_Length (To   : in Count);

   function  Line_Length (File : in File_Type) return Count;
   function  Line_Length return Count;

   function  Page_Length (File : in File_Type) return Count;
   function  Page_Length return Count;

   --  Column, Line, and Page Control

   procedure New_Line   (File    : in File_Type;
                         Spacing : in Positive_Count := 1);
   procedure New_Line   (Spacing : in Positive_Count := 1);

   procedure Skip_Line  (File    : in File_Type;
                         Spacing : in Positive_Count := 1);
   procedure Skip_Line  (Spacing : in Positive_Count := 1);

   function  End_Of_Line (File : in File_Type) return Boolean;
   function  End_Of_Line return Boolean;

   procedure New_Page   (File : in File_Type);
   procedure New_Page;

   procedure Skip_Page  (File : in File_Type);
   procedure Skip_Page;

   function  End_Of_Page (File : in File_Type) return Boolean;
   function  End_Of_Page return Boolean;

   function  End_Of_File (File : in File_Type) return Boolean;
   function  End_Of_File return Boolean;

   procedure Set_Col (File : in File_Type; To : in Positive_Count);
   procedure Set_Col (To   : in Positive_Count);

   procedure Set_Line (File : in File_Type; To : in Positive_Count);
   procedure Set_Line (To   : in Positive_Count);

   function Col (File : in File_Type) return Positive_Count;
   function Col  return Positive_Count;

   function Line (File : in File_Type) return Positive_Count;
   function Line return Positive_Count;

   function Page (File : in File_Type) return Positive_Count;
   function Page return Positive_Count;

   --  Character Input-Output

   procedure Get (File : in  File_Type; Item : out Character);
   procedure Get (Item : out Character);

   procedure Put (File : in  File_Type; Item : in Character);
   procedure Put (Item : in  Character);

   procedure Look_Ahead (File        : in  File_Type;
                         Item        : out Character;
                         End_Of_Line : out Boolean);
   procedure Look_Ahead (Item        : out Character;
                         End_Of_Line : out Boolean);

   procedure Get_Immediate (File      : in  File_Type;
                            Item      : out Character);
   procedure Get_Immediate (Item      : out Character);

   procedure Get_Immediate (File      : in  File_Type;
                            Item      : out Character;
                            Available : out Boolean);
   procedure Get_Immediate (Item      : out Character;
                            Available : out Boolean);

   --  String Input-Output

   procedure Get (File : in  File_Type; Item : out String);
   procedure Get (Item : out String);

   procedure Put (File : in  File_Type; Item : in String);
   procedure Put (Item : in  String);

   procedure Get_Line (File : in  File_Type;
                       Item : out String;
                       Last : out Natural);
   procedure Get_Line (Item : out String; Last : out Natural);

   function Get_Line(File : in  File_Type) return String;

   function Get_Line return String;

   procedure Put_Line (File : in  File_Type; Item : in String);
   procedure Put_Line (Item : in  String);

   --  Generic packages for Input-Output of Integer Types

   generic
      type Num is range <>;
   package Integer_IO is

      Default_Width : Field := Num'Width;
      Default_Base  : Number_Base := 10;

      procedure Get (File  : in  File_Type;
                     Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in Field := 0);
      procedure Get (Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);

      procedure Put (File  : in File_Type;
                     Item  : in Num;
                     Width : in Field := Default_Width;
                     Base  : in Number_Base := Default_Base);
      procedure Put (Item  : in Num;
                     Width : in Field := Default_Width;
                     Base  : in Number_Base := Default_Base);
      procedure Get (From : in  String;
                     Item : out Num;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Base : in Number_Base := Default_Base);

   end Integer_IO;

   generic
      type Num is mod <>;
   package Modular_IO is

      Default_Width : Field := Num'Width;
      Default_Base  : Number_Base := 10;

      procedure Get (File  : in  File_Type;
                     Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in Field := 0);
      procedure Get (Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);

      procedure Put (File  : in File_Type;
                     Item  : in Num;
                     Width : in Field := Default_Width;
                     Base  : in Number_Base := Default_Base);
      procedure Put (Item  : in Num;
                     Width : in Field := Default_Width;
                     Base  : in Number_Base := Default_Base);
      procedure Get (From : in  String;
                     Item : out Num;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Base : in Number_Base := Default_Base);

   end Modular_IO;

   --  Generic packages for Input-Output of Real Types

   generic
      type Num is digits <>;
   package Float_IO is

      Default_Fore : Field := 2;
      Default_Aft  : Field := Num'Digits-1;
      Default_Exp  : Field := 3;

      procedure Get (File  : in  File_Type;
                     Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);
      procedure Get (Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);

      procedure Put (File : in File_Type;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
      procedure Put (Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);

      procedure Get (From : in String;
                     Item : out Num;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
   end Float_IO;

   generic
      type Num is delta <>;
   package Fixed_IO is

      Default_Fore : Field := Num'Fore;
      Default_Aft  : Field := Num'Aft;
      Default_Exp  : Field := 0;

      procedure Get (File  : in  File_Type;
                     Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);
      procedure Get (Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);

      procedure Put (File : in File_Type;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
      procedure Put (Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);

      procedure Get (From : in  String;
                     Item : out Num;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
   end Fixed_IO;

   generic
      type Num is delta <> digits <>;
   package Decimal_IO is

      Default_Fore : Field := Num'Fore;
      Default_Aft  : Field := Num'Aft;
      Default_Exp  : Field := 0;

      procedure Get (File  : in  File_Type;
                     Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);
      procedure Get (Item  : out Num;
                     Width : in  Field := 0);

      procedure Put (File : in File_Type;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
      procedure Put (Item : in Num;
                     Fore : in Field := Default_Fore;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);

      procedure Get (From : in  String;
                     Item : out Num;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in Num;
                     Aft  : in Field := Default_Aft;
                     Exp  : in Field := Default_Exp);
   end Decimal_IO;

   --  Generic package for Input-Output of Enumeration Types

   generic
      type Enum is (<>);
   package Enumeration_IO is

      Default_Width   : Field := 0;
      Default_Setting : Type_Set := Upper_Case;

      procedure Get (File : in  File_Type;
                     Item : out Enum);
      procedure Get (Item : out Enum);

      procedure Put (File  : in File_Type;
                     Item  : in Enum;
                     Width : in Field    := Default_Width;
                     Set   : in Type_Set := Default_Setting);
      procedure Put (Item  : in Enum;
                     Width : in Field    := Default_Width;
                     Set   : in Type_Set := Default_Setting);

      procedure Get (From : in  String;
                     Item : out Enum;
                     Last : out Positive);
      procedure Put (To   : out String;
                     Item : in  Enum;
                     Set  : in  Type_Set := Default_Setting);
   end Enumeration_IO;

   --  Exceptions

   Status_Error : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Status_Error;
   Mode_Error   : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Mode_Error;
   Name_Error   : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Name_Error;
   Use_Error    : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Use_Error;
   Device_Error : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Device_Error;
   End_Error    : exception renames IO_Exceptions.End_Error;
   Data_Error   : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Data_Error;
   Layout_Error : exception renames IO_Exceptions.Layout_Error;

private

   type File_Type is limited null record;

end Ada.Text_IO;

另请参阅

维基教科书

外部示例

在以下位置搜索 Ada.Text_IO 的示例：Rosetta Code，GitHub (gists)，任何 Alire 包或本维基教科书。
在以下位置搜索与 Ada.Text_IO 相关的帖子：Stack Overflow，comp.lang.ada 或任何与 Ada 相关的页面。

Ada 参考手册

开源实现

FSF GNAT

规格：a-textio.ads
主体：a-textio.adb

drake

规格：streams/a-textio.ads
主体：streams/a-textio.adb

描述

Text_IO 的技巧和窍门

从控制台读取整行

从文件读取整行

泛型嵌套包

规范

另请参阅

维基教科书

外部示例

Ada 参考手册

Ada 95

Ada 2005

Ada 2012

Ada 质量和风格指南

开源实现