与疾病/代谢综合征相关的运动以及高海拔徒步旅行
外观
< 与疾病相关的运动
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trekking_pic.jpg
随着喜马拉雅山脉、安第斯山脉和其他高海拔山区的旅游业发展,了解代谢综合征患者的潜在风险因素非常重要,以便这些人群能够为高海拔缺氧做好充分准备。代谢综合征的定义在世界各地有所不同,然而,国际糖尿病联盟在 2006 年发表了一篇论文,详细介绍了世界各地的描述,发现主要考虑因素是患有高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病或糖尿病前期以及中心性肥胖的人群。[1] 下面将对这四种因素进行分析,以指导代谢综合征患者了解高海拔徒步旅行的潜在风险或益处,并提供一些建议。
海拔对血压的影响因人而异,并且取决于海拔高度。[2] 对于大多数人来说,血压会随着海拔的升高而升高,通常直到海拔超过 3000 米才会变得显著。[3]
- 尽管存在这些风险,但控制良好的高血压并不是高海拔旅行或高海拔体力活动的禁忌症。[3]
- 为了应对最初几天可能出现的血压升高,应适当的时间进行适应。一些研究表明,仅需 2 天即可改善,但适应时间越长,适应效果越好。[7][8]
- 睡眠呼吸暂停症风险增加,从而增加高海拔肺水肿的风险。[3]
- 肥胖与 AMS 呈正相关。[9][10]
- 缺氧会使一些与炎症相关的脂肪因子的分泌上调,并且会从氧化代谢转向无氧糖酵解。缺氧脂肪细胞中的葡萄糖利用率增加,导致乳酸生成增加。[11][12]
- 在尝试高海拔山区徒步旅行之前,尽可能减轻肥胖,以避免可能出现的并发症。
对于血糖控制良好且没有血管并发症的糖尿病患者,不建议其进行高海拔暴露,包括剧烈运动。[3]
- 地塞米松是探险中最常用的治疗急性高原病的药物,它会迅速增加胰岛素抵抗。[3][13]
- 随着海拔的升高,糖尿病登山者报告血糖控制能力下降。[3]
- 海拔、温度和湿度的综合影响会导致一些血糖监测仪在中等至高海拔地区不可靠。[14]
- 在高海拔地区很难早期识别血糖控制不佳,因为低血糖的症状与急性高原病相似,可能会混淆。[15]
- 在高海拔地区会出现食欲下降。糖尿病患者需要认真维护最佳血糖水平。[16][17]
- 为了最大程度地控制血糖,建议精确跟踪能量摄入和消耗,频繁监测血糖,以及灵活调整胰岛素剂量。[3]
没有发现血脂异常患者的禁忌症,只有潜在的益处。
- 徒步旅行和在高海拔地区停留后,LDL 水平降低。[6]
- 在高海拔地区生活时,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平呈线性且显着增加。[19]
- 降低动脉粥样硬化的风险,并降低冠心病的风险。[20]
- HDL 胆固醇显着增加。[9]
- 在高海拔地区停留可能通过降低 LDL 和提高 HDL 来增强血脂异常的控制。
- 一些研究人员认为,高海拔生活条件和活动可能被开发为预防和治疗 II 型糖尿病和代谢综合征的潜在自然药物。[18]
- ↑ Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2006). "Metabolic syndrome—a new world‐wide definition.A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation". Diabetic Medicine, 23(5), 469-480.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help); Text "International Diabetes Federation" ignored (help); Text "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x/full" ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ a b c Hanna, J. M. (1999). Climate, altitude, and blood pressure. Human biology, 553-582
- ↑ a b c d e f g Mieske, K., Flaherty, G., & O'Brien, T. (2010). Journeys to high altitude—risks and recommendations for travelers with preexisting medical conditions. Journal of travel medicine, 17(1), 48-62
- ↑ Rimoldi, S. F., Sartori, C., Seiler, C., Delacrétaz, E., Mattle, H. P., Scherrer, U., & Allemann, Y. (2010). High-altitude exposure in patients with cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and practical recommendations. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 52(6), 512-524.
- ↑ Palmer, S. K., Moore, L. G., Young, D. A., Cregger, B., Berman, J. C., & Zamudio, S. (1999). Altered blood pressure course during normal pregnancy and increased preeclampsia at high altitude (3100 meters) in Colorado.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 180(5), 1161-1168
- ↑ a b Fiori, G. G., Facchini, F. F., Pettener, D. D., Rimondi, A. A., Battistini, N. N., & Bedogni, G. G. (2000). Relationships between blood pressure, anthropometric characteristics and blood lipids in high- and low-altitude populations from Central Asia. Annals Of Human Biology, 27(1), 19-28
- ↑ Rahn, H., & Otis, A. B. (1949). Man's respiratory response during and after acclimatization to high altitude. American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content, 157(3), 445-462
- ↑ Muza, S. R., Beidleman, B. A., & Fulco, C. S. (2010). Altitude preexposure recommendations for inducing acclimatization. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 11(2), 87-92
- ↑ a b c Ri-Li, G., Chase, P. J., Witkowski, S., Wyrick, B. L., Stone, J. A., Levine, B. D., & Babb, T. G. (2003). Obesity: associations with acute mountain sickness.Annals of internal medicine, 139(4), 253-257
- ↑ a b Strapazzon, G., Cogo, A., & Semplicini, A. (2008). Acute mountain sickness in a subject with metabolic syndrome at high altitude. High altitude medicine & biology, 9(3), 245-248
- ↑ Trayhurn, P. (2013). Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity. Physiological reviews, 93(1), 1-21
- ↑ Wood, I. S., de Heredia, F. P., Wang, B., & Trayhurn, P. (2009). Cellular hypoxia and adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc, 68(4), 370-377
- ↑ Sakoda, H., Ogihara, T., Anai, M., Funaki, M., Inukai, K., Katagiri, H., ... & Asano, T. (2000). Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is due to inhibition of glucose transport rather than insulin signal transduction. Diabetes, 49(10), 1700-1708
- ↑ Fink, K. S., Christensen, D. B., & Ellsworth, A. (2002). Effect of high altitude on blood glucose meter performance. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 4(5), 627-635
- ↑ Litch, J. A. (1996). Drug-induced hypoglycemia presenting as acute mountain sickness, after mistaking acetohexamide for acetazolamide. Wilderness & environmental medicine, 7(3), 232-235
- ↑ Barnholt, K. E., Hoffman, A. R., Rock, P. B., Muza, S. R., Fulco, C. S., Braun, B., ... & Friedlander, A. L. (2006). Endocrine responses to acute and chronic high-altitude exposure (4,300 meters): modulating effects of caloric restriction.American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 290(6), E1078-E1088
- ↑ Boyer, S. J., & Blume, F. D. (1984). Weight loss and changes in body composition at high altitude. Journal of Applied Physiology, 57(5), 1580-1585
- ↑ a b Lee, W. C., Chen, J. J., Ho, H. Y., Hou, C. W., Liang, M. P., Shen, Y. W., & Kuo, C. H. (2003). 短期高海拔山区生活改善血糖控制。高海拔医学与生物学,4(1),81-91
- ↑ Coello, S. D., De León, A. C., Ojeda, F. B., Méndez, L. P., González, L. D., & Aguirre-Jaime, A. J. (2000). 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇随着海拔生活而增加。国际流行病学杂志,29(1),65-70
- ↑ Ferezou, J., Richalet, J. P., Coste, T., & Rathat, C. (1988). 高海拔登山探险(4800米)期间血浆脂类和脂蛋白胆固醇的变化。欧洲应用生理学和职业生理学杂志,57(6),740-745
- ↑ Stenberg, J., Ekblom, B., & Messin, R. (1966). 模拟海拔4000米工作时的血流动力学反应。应用生理学杂志,21(5),1589-1594。