有一个定理可以帮助你进行积分的换元。它被称为**定积分的变量替换**。
定理的形式如下:

为了得到
,你必须将a代入函数g;为了得到
,你必须将b代入函数g。
最难的部分是识别你想把什么设为u。有时简单的换元法还不够,你可能需要使用分部积分法。这将在另一节中讨论。
例1

我们不会将它展开成一个大的多项式,而是直接使用换元法。
步骤1
确定你的u
令
步骤2
确定

步骤3
现在我们将积分上限代入u,以找到新的积分上限。
当
当
现在我们的积分问题看起来像这样:

步骤4
写出你的新积分问题
当我们代入u后,它看起来像:

步骤5
计算积分
![{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left[{\frac {1}{3}}u^{3}\right]_{0}^{5}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6e1442696976f2c4f7d45647589a4e537ceb966)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left({\frac {1}{3}}*5^{3}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{3}}*0^{3}\right)\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d2d3071a368bc21723f39d733a5bea9707fee02)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left[{\frac {1}{3}}*125\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e88b46a59ca7f729f5d4fe802a9e4d1ccce9c928)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left[{\frac {125}{3}}\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5d5e2d3f3ed81959a9a43ee6fc689e137285a62)

正如你所看到的,这个过程简化得相当好。对于大多数人来说,一开始使用替换可能很困难。一旦你掌握了这种方法,你每次都会越来越快地完成它。
我还会给你一些其他问题让你练习。
例 2

例 3

例 2
令 
然后 
当 x = 0 时

以及当 

因此,
![{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {1}{2}}u^{2}\right]_{0}^{1}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/778dff182da7fd7e83412172a77ab3133290439f)
![{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {1}{2}}\sin ^{2}(1)\right]-\left[{\frac {1}{2}}\sin ^{2}(0)\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faca3d73949ce418c705831f25d37438a3ca186e)

例 3
令 
那么 
代入我们的积分上限和下限,得到新的积分上限和下限
当 x = -1

当 x = 2

我们新的积分问题是
得出结果
![{\displaystyle =\left[{\frac {2}{3}}*(x^{2}+4)\right]_{5}^{8}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94dd69ed5a7f9521043490005cc8954f41854b9f)
![{\displaystyle =\left[{\frac {2}{3}}*(8^{2}+4)\right]-\left[{\frac {2}{3}}*(5^{2}+4)\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e62770a99b361040bf607abca6950f15e07024f4)
![{\displaystyle =\left[{\frac {136}{3}}\right]-\left[{\frac {58}{3}}\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f8f4f1c858313a7e9f1eec53d5f245d5446483c)
