西方戏剧史:17世纪至今/18世纪后期英国
18世纪后期英国喜剧的主要人物之一是爱尔兰剧作家理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹(1751-1816),他创作了“竞争对手”(1775年)和“丑闻学校”(1777年)。
“《对手》‘仍然依赖于拉丁和法国喜剧的典型人物:暴躁的家长、叛逆且恋爱中的儿子、为主人和女主人阴谋服务的仆人,但他并没有以旧的方式让他们彼此对抗。他让他们以相反的方式为同一个目标而努力,并让观众看着他们无意中挫败了自己的计划,背叛了自己的自负和做作,直到结局满足了他们的错综复杂的目的,并将他们恢复到他们正常的自我控制状态”(Routh,1955 年,第 376 页)。“我们很大一部分的满足感来自于我们开始关心的角色之间关系的成功解决。我们对这种结局的快乐也来自于对那些应该被欺骗或揭露的角色施加的令人满意且温和的喜剧惩罚,这不仅是因为他们的弱点和怪癖,还因为他们阻碍了我们同情的人物。但从《对手》文本的考察中可以清楚地看出,角色弱点和怪癖的局部暴露本身,而不仅仅是它们对行动进程的影响,构成了我们快乐的主要来源。我们最享受的是鲍勃·艾克斯无意中让福克兰感到不安,然后同样无意中展示了自己的做作;马拉普夫人讨论‘正统’,而安东尼爵士则建议将莉迪亚监禁和饿死;杰克操纵他的父亲、福克兰、鲍勃、马拉普夫人和莉迪亚,然后自己被揭露;卢修斯爵士向鲍勃建议挑战和决斗;鲍勃感到自己的勇气上升,然后在他的手掌上消失殆尽;甚至福克兰也表现出他痛苦的自我怀疑:这些本身,而不仅仅是它们结合起来形成行动的方式,给了我们最大的满足”(Auburn,1975 年,第 257 页)。《对手》是一部多么令人赞叹的戏剧啊!它像法夸尔的戏剧一样简单,但情节足够复杂,而且幽默事件层出不穷。它自然而然地逐渐发展;谢里丹幸运地没有被限制在阻碍现代剧作家努力的两三个固定的场景中,他可以介绍卢修斯爵士和露西之间的对话,而不必违反可能性地将这对夫妇强行拉到马拉普夫人的客厅或鲍勃·艾克斯的住所。唯一突兀的地方是绝对上尉和卢修斯·奥特里格爵士之间争吵的引入。它是由卢修斯爵士帮助艾克斯起草挑战书的场景中的一句评论引发的,我们不清楚卢修斯爵士是如何得知绝对上尉,即绝对,是莉迪亚·朗吉什的求婚者的……瑕疵确实微不足道,在与真正令人愉快的马拉普夫人、绝对上尉和莉迪亚·朗吉什之间的(3:3)场景的独创性相比较时,在批评的天平上几乎没有分量。在那场戏中,上尉两次濒临暴露,并且第一次靠他自己的伶牙俐齿,第二次靠莉迪亚无意中使用模棱两可的短语而得以脱险,而这些短语又如此容易地引入,以至于对话不会让你觉得有任何程度的牵强。有人曾说,福克兰和茱莉亚的爱情与情节的主要发展关系不大。但两对恋人是规定的数量,而且在他们走到一起之前,福克兰和茱莉亚都相当不错。事实上,在与绝对上尉的场景中,福克兰多愁善感和多疑的性格与上尉随和自信的性格形成了鲜明的对比……安东尼爵士是一个完全令人愉快的角色,比喜剧中普通的好脾气父亲高出许多。‘该死,我再也不叫你杰克了’这句话非常棒,但他想象绝对上尉对莉迪亚·朗吉什过于放肆时的那种喜悦更棒:‘来吧,别找借口了,杰克;你的父亲,你这小子,在你之前就是这样——艾布索卢特的血统总是急躁的’(Sanders,1890 年,第 34-41 页)。“福克兰和茱莉亚是真正让人犹豫的角色。毫无疑问,谢里丹触碰到了真正敏感的神经。福克兰的疑虑、恐惧和忧郁非常令人讨厌,人们不禁想知道茱莉亚为什么没有早点把他打发走。但她在内心深处爱着他,而这种爱可能告诉她,他的疑虑并非完全不值得或不合理,他非常渴望只拥有真挚的情感,而她对他有义务的事实是他心中的刺。毕竟,他只是想确信自己是被仅仅为了他自己而爱的,或者也许最好说,尽管他自己如此”(Armstrong,1913 年,第 154 页)。“福克兰的角色更难把握。他通常被认为是对拜伦式的自我折磨的浪漫自私的乏味讽刺,但他的基础在心理学上是足够真实的(他在复杂性上并非没有现代原型),而谢里丹非常敏锐地洞察了这种痴迷给他人带来的痛苦。这幅肖像可能会令人不安,它需要一位优秀的演员才能将其保持在作者或许有点讽刺地想要达到的高级喜剧水平上”(Williamson,1956 年,第 156 页)。“无论如何说她的前辈,马拉普夫人都是语病女王,从未被时间所取代。她的家谱很长,而且家族从莎士比亚的警官多格伯里和弗吉斯以及波顿的一两句话,到孔格里夫的《双重交易商》中的普莱恩特夫人,有着许多旁支”(Sichel,1909 年,第 1 卷,第 491 页)。马拉普夫人“对自己的重要性和魅力有愚蠢的想法,而且非常容易受奉承。她渴望一个情人是荒谬的;她给卢修斯爵士写信,并署名戴丽娅,坚信自己是一个有魅力的人。她也以另一种方式表现出她缺乏洞察力;她非常肯定露西是一个‘傻瓜’(第一幕第二场),而且她花了很长时间才‘在新的光线下’明白,一定是绝对上尉写了关于她的那些粗鲁的评论,她已经让他读过了(第四幕第二场)。尽管如此,她并没有恶意;她原谅了艾布索卢特(第四幕第二场),而且她显然永远不会同意安东尼爵士将莉迪亚‘锁起来’的建议(第一幕第二场)。当她听到决斗的可能性时,她非常担心。‘他们是否把可怜的亲爱的卢修斯爵士也卷入了这场纠纷?’她问道(第五幕第一场),并立即准备冲过去拯救局势……杰克·艾布索卢特是一个热心肠的年轻人,喜欢开玩笑和玩一点阴谋。他显然是一个好主人;法格似乎对他忠心耿耿,并效仿上尉的行为。他并非没有世俗智慧;他确实希望赢得莉迪亚,但并非没有她的全部财产……鲍勃·艾克斯是一个典型的舞台人物,是来到城里的乡下土包子。莉迪亚永远无法忍受他的乡下服装,但在巴斯,他正陶醉于摆脱母亲控制的自由之中……他喜欢他的城里衣服……学习最新的舞蹈……鲍勃是一个简单的灵魂,没有自己的想法。他很容易受到暗示,先是受到卢修斯·奥特里格爵士的挑唆去战斗,然后受到戴维的警告,如果他真的去战斗的话会很危险……[福克兰]的嫉妒天性让他感到烦恼,因为茱莉亚正在度假享受自己,当她似乎不开心时,他也感到不安,所以他无论如何都感到不安。他责怪所有女性给他带来的麻烦,而不是他自己疑神疑鬼……杰克·艾布索卢特对他忧郁的怀疑的斥责非常有道理”(Evans,1936 年,第 20-24 页)。“我无法想象比《对手》中艾克斯手持两支手枪等待他挑战的人的那个场景更幽默的场景了;作者在挑战者和他的助手之间的对话充满了精致的幽默,但它被[演员]班尼斯特精湛的旁白加倍增强了,当战斗时间临近时,他开始表现出个人恐惧的症状,逐渐失去他声音中做作的勇敢,先是手和膝盖颤抖,然后是全身颤抖。我没有任何描述可以表现出他脸上滑稽的痛苦,当他的助手冷静地问他,如果发生意外,他是否选择在附近的教堂里找一个舒适的坟墓,或者被腌制起来送回乡下;也没有什么动作能比他无力的努力去捡起他的帽子更幽默了,他用颤抖的手指把它推来推去”(Hunt,1894 年,第 31-32 页)。“把鲍勃·艾克斯描绘成一个散发着马厩气味的乡下土包子是一个错误。艾克斯自己驾着马车,在安东尼爵士住所一英里范围内有一个住所,并且与那个圈子‘非常熟悉’。他是一个乡绅,虽然愚蠢,但不是小丑。他应该是一个可信、理性的普通人,尽管推理能力有限。他过分重视自己的荣誉并非完全荒谬,在决斗场景中,他应该不仅仅是一个我们取笑的对象,我们可以说,在戏剧的早期,他应该比托尼·朗普金高出一筹,在最后不完全是阿圭切克”(Agate,1934 年,第 190 页)。“《对手》中[安东尼爵士]的儿子绝对上尉的场景,他坚持要求后者结婚,因此是夸张的愤怒的杰作。但随后,当他的儿子赢得了他的感情或突然满足了他的要求时,谁又能以如此自然的跌落从激情的高峰跌落到最温柔的情感和最社交的愉快中呢?他对别人的满足表情,他感激的握手,以及在他难以抑制的喜悦间隙中迸发出的匆忙感谢,展现了社交享受的完美”(Hunt,1894 年,第 63 页)。
Some Victorian critics were offended by the allusions in "The school for scandal": "a play the whole of which no woman could read to any but her husband, or some other near relative, without giving ground for a presumption of impurity; and there are in it many sentences which no gentleman could use, even among men, without incurring the charge of lewdness in his talk” (Buckley, 1883 p 584). But in post-Victorian times, it is considered as “a delightful piece kept sparkingly alive by the tart prickle of its prose and its gracious humanity” (Clurman, 1966 p 175). “Original genius though he was, even Sheridan in The School for Scandal could not break entirely away from the eighteenth-century comedy tradition. In the survey of this in the previous pages precedents will be found for several of its chief figures. Charles Surface is the prodigal but warm-hearted libertine. Maria is the heiress who loves him and is won by him, but who has to defy the advances of suitors preferred by her guardian. Joseph Surface is the contemporary man of sentiment, with an admixture of the Restoration rake. Sir Oliver Surface is the wealthy relative who conceals his identity so that he may be a better judge of character. Rowley is the typical devoted family retainer. It was Sheridan’s triumph that onto this conventional framework he grafted novel developments and additions which resulted in a masterpiece of stage-craft. Comedy has always been a vehicle for slanderous tongues, but seldom in such concentrated fashion as in that ‘scandalous college’ of which Lady Sneerwell is president, and which includes Mrs. Candour hiding her malice under an affectation of good nature; the scurrilous Mr. Crabtree with his poetaster nephew. Sir Benjamin Backbite, who specializes in satires and lampoons on particular people; and for a time Lady Teazle, till she hands back her diploma for killing characters. It may be doubted, however, whether much has been gained by making Lady Sneerwell secretly in love with Charles, and therefore making trouble between him and Maria by bribing Snake to forge love-letters from Lady Teazle to Charles and answering them herself, till Snake finally confesses“ (Boas, 1953 p 354). "The School for Scandal is one of the best comedies in our language...The wit is inferior to Congreve's, and the allusions much coarser. Its great excellence is in the invention of comic situations and the lucky contrast of different characters. The satirical conversation at Lady Sneerwell's is an indifferent imitation of The Way of the World, and Sir Benjamin Backbite a foolish superfluity from the older comedy" (Hazlitt, 1895 p 68). "The principal merit of the play lies neither in the rather slender plot nor in any sympathy we have for the characters, but rather in the strikingly natural situations, the skillful handling of the piece, the constantly brilliant wit, the animation, the sense of the ridiculous and the finish given to the whole. The comedy is a triumph of art, and its merit is only exceeded by its popularity" (Golden 1890 pp 192-193). “Joseph Surface presents himself as a good man, employing the language of sensibility as a cover for his selfish schemes, whereas Charles conceals his inward goodness under the outward appearance of a philandering wastrel” (Thomson, 2006 p 145). “We laugh at the notion of such a character as Charles' doing any harm. Sheridan's wit is not of a seductive nature. He makes us dislike a good many things, perhaps more than he looked for. We laugh heartily with his satirical personages all round, at all their butts; and then at the satirists in their turn; but nobody will come away from one or Sheridan's plays, loving anything the better, good or bad. Hypocrites, perhaps, will resolve to take care how they get into scrapes; but we do not love even the heartier side of Charles' character, except in his refusal to sell his uncle's picture. He seems rather to defy economy than to enjoy pleasure. We cannot help thinking that there are marks of an uneasy turn of mind in all Sheridan's productions. There is almost always some real pain going on amongst his characters. They are always perplexing, mortifying, or distressing one another; snatching their jokes out of some misery, as if they were playing at snap-dragon. They do not revel in wit for its own sake, like those of Congreve; nor wear a hey-day impudence, for the pleasure of the thing, as in Vanbrugh; nor cultivate an eternal round of airiness and satisfaction, as in good-natured Farquhar. Sheridan's comedy is all-stinging satire. His bees want honey” (Hunt, 1894 pp 164-165). "The School for Scandal has persisted from generation to generation, not because of its story, not because of its reflection of eighteenth century habits and customs, not because of its idea, which is hardly noteworthy, but because of its humanity underlying the superficial, a humanity which is eternal, whether in powder and patches, in hoop skirts, or in the fashions of the present. There is a spontaneous flow of humor in this drama, dependent upon character, rather than upon situation or local reference. In fact, an over-abundance of local reference would take the sympathetic appeal away from a comedy after the age had passed" (Moses, 1917 p 179). "Sheridan's primary arrangement of his characters into the 'good' and the 'bad' holds throughout the play, as it must do in an atmosphere which satire is dominant. On the one hand we have the 'villains', the various gossips with their special abilities, and Joseph Surface, the hypocrite. We can easily see to what extent Sheridan has used exaggeration, which is a regular part of the technique of satire in his presentation of these people. On the other hand we have Maria, the honest, decent person who sees through the gossips; Lady Teazle, who, at first deceived by the gossips, later is enlightened and helps satirize them; Sir Peter, whose role is approximately that of innocent bystander; and Charles, who is directly contrasted with Joseph. The other characters are essentially outside the main conflict, which they serve to comment or to judge. The management of the 'good' people and the commentators sheds further light upon the technique of satire. One notices that all the 'good' characters are in one way or other, at one time or another, victims of the 'bad' characters; this is a standard satirical device, since our sympathy with the victims always strengthens our detestation of the victimizers. As for the observers or commentators, they also serve to heighten the point the author is making...Sheridan is appealing less to the audience's sense of the laughable, less to their good sense, we might say, or, as the eighteenth century would have said, to their 'judgment', than to their feelings, to an unconsidered emotional relish of kindness and good-heartedness" (Brooks and Hellman, 1945 pp 244-250). Bernbaum (1915) pointed out its sentimental elements. "Those passages of Sheridan’s play which are...devoted to an attack upon detraction and hypocrisy, are composed in a wholly comic manner: the Scandal Club is excoriated; and Joseph Surface, the pharisaical man of sentiment, hoist by his own petard, is made an object of aversion. But Sheridan did not maintain an attitude of mockery or scorn towards other and equally important characters. Charles Surface and his uncle, as well as Sir Peter and Lady Teazle, however amusing the scenes in which they figure, are designed to be amiable. 'Lady Teazle,' a contemporary complains,'is more likely to excite imitation than disgust.' In his conception of these characters, Sheridan resembles mid-eighteenth-century playwrights like Hoadly, with their amusing but lovable personages, rather than Congreve or Molière...The fact was that as long as the general spirit of the time was so kindly disposed towards human nature, as long as there was so little support for the sterner ethical point of view, true comedy of character must remain an occasional tour de force and could not flourish abundantly. Sheridan kept within the bounds to which sensibility had confined the Comic Muse. A spirited satirist of manners, he is, as a satirist of morals, hesitant and superficial...It is because the prodigal Charles Surface is charitable to the distressed, and affectionately grateful to 'the old fellow who had been very good to him' that he wins the hand of Maria and gains his uncle’s forgiveness for his extravagances. What cures Lady Teazle of her mightiness is her overhearing that Sir Peter, despite the vexations she has caused him, still loves her so deeply that he intends to provide most generously for her future comfort” (pp 257-258). "It is possible to feel a sense of genuine satisfaction, when Sir Peter escapes cuckoldry, without caring, whether his indignation is at all adequate to the occasion. From the moralist's point of view a husband who in a similar situation thinks only of the ridicule which will fall upon himself is a somewhat contemptible person and Sir Peter's reconciliation with his wife would be set down as dictated by uxoriousness rather than magnanimity. But somehow it is impossible to conceive Sir Peter Teazle as other than a thoroughly estimable and simple-minded old gentleman. In real life how terrible must have been his discomfiture on the fall of the screen, and how heartless would the speech of Charles have sounded!" (Sanders, 1890 p 74). For the characters, their “destinies touch each other throughout the action, and unite in the climax of the celebrated screen scene, a situation all the more dramatic because the audience realizes its significance more fully than the characters can” (Routh, 1955 pp 376-377). “As conversation was a fine art in a community of drawing room idlers, Sheridan endowed his personages with a flow of picturesque epigram, of which the studied felicity surpasses all other dialogues, including that of his own previous works. Besides this, he perceived that the intellectually unemployed turn social intercourse into a competitive struggle and, when he came to portray the underlying stratum of jealousy and intrigue, he brought to his task a touch of modern sentimentality from which few Georgians could escape. Behind his view of London art and artifice, there lurked the popular ideal of simple manners, and, thanks to this background of thought, he was able to show how the vices of the polite world overgrow natural instincts. Since ideas which are to succeed on the stage must be concrete, he made extravagance and scandal examples of decadence, and then worked out a crisis in the lives of characters brought under their influence. Charles Surface is the centre of a circle demoralised by extravagance till a chance episode reveals the generosity of its nature. Lady Sneerwell typifies the irreclaimable scandalmonger; she finds so many opportunities of retaliating on the world which first slandered her that habit is now second nature. Joseph Surface, at heart, is no worse than the character whose desire for respectability exceeds his powers of compassing it; he, too, is gradually fascinated by a brilliant and corrupt society, till an unexpected event shows that he has sinned beyond forgiveness. Sir Peter is the Cato of the piece, good at heart, if self-centred, but soured by contact with many backbiters and rendered ridiculous by the vagaries of his young wife, herself Sheridan's best creation, an example of how youth and inexperience may be blinded to the follies of fashionable life till the eyes are reopened by a sudden crisis” (Routh, 1932 p 270). “Sir Peter Teazle is the traditional stage old husband (a teazle is a plant with a large prickly head formerly used in dressing cloth). He teases himself continually by worrying about one thing and another, and is quite unable to understand the light-hearted kind of teasing employed by his wife and by Charles. It is for this as much as for their extravagance that he finds fault with both of them...Much of his trouble, though, certainly comes from his own belief that he is always right. His attitude towards many people was similar to that adopted towards his wards...His honest, though dogmatic character, is entirely opposed to that of the scandal-mongering acquaintances of his wife...Lady Teazle, young and feather-headed, is an example of the way in which an unsophisticated country girl can become involved in excesses of various kinds when plunged into the world of fashion. Her remarks are just as scandalous and pointed as those of her friends...Maria has a firm and dignified character...She speaks her mind to the women who delight in scandal...Her sensitive nature is hurt by their words and she finally has to plead illness in order to hasten away from their suggestive remarks. She estimates character better than many of the people in the play; she is not misled by Joseph's apparent morality, she abhors Sir Benjamin Backbite's attentions and realises the genuine qualities of Charles. She is not afraid of Sir Peter's truculence, though she bows to his authority as a guardian...Joseph Surface is from first to last a sly hypocrite, all things to all men…He is ingratiating even to people of weak character...Charles Surface is a stock character in fiction, the heedless, extravagant young man whose heart is golden...The sincerity of his gratitude to Sir Oliver is evinced by his refusal to sell the picture of the ‘ill-looking little fellow over the settee’, even though he is offered ‘as much for that as for all the rest’. When he is to be married to Maria and he declares that he will make no promises about reforming, we feel with him that we can take that as a proof that he ‘intends to set about it’, though his logic is not clear” (Evans, 1936 pp 39-43). "The School for Scandal is Sheridan's use of a series of disguise images beginning in Sneerwell's veiled love of Charles Surface and concluding with Snake's plea in Act V that his one good deed remain hidden...In the comedy there are two groups of characters: those who mask themselves and those who do not. The first group is divided into those who mask with malevolent intent (Snake, Lady Sneerwell and the scandalmongers, and Joseph) and those who mask without malevolence though not always with noble intent (Lady Teazle, Sir Peter Teazle, and Sir Oliver Surface). The second group consists of Rowley, Maria, and Charles Surface...Unwisely, Lady Sneerwell showed her 'weakness' to Snake and real view, to Joseph (I,i); her reward in Act V, scene iii, is unmasking by both...Snake- whose movements 'should not go unobserved'- is more devious than Lady Sneerwell...His mask is constant, while the face behind it is sold to the highest bidder, ultimately Sir Oliver...Joseph is perhaps the best masked character in the play. The elder brother Surface, he is a master of deceit, and it is no surprise that when he occasionally lapses into metaphor, the figure of speech should sound the note of disguise. After peremptorily dismissing Sir Oliver- disguised as Stanley- Joseph remarks: 'The silver ore of pure charity is an expensive article in the catalogue of a man's good qualities, whereas the sentimental French plate I used instead of it, makes just as good a show and pays no tax' (V,i)" (Leff, 1970 pp 350-353). "What Joseph really worships is reputation. He worships it more than the pleasure which it veils, and he worships it so much that he loses sight of character altogether; indeed, he regrets that his character is so good that he doubts he will be exposed at last. To be thought good is his ideal, but he is unable to be so, and so his spurious respectability goes to pieces through the only bit of unmixed nature about him, his real infatuation for Lady Teazle. It is this which dupes him into remaining Lady Sneerwell's unwitting tool, though he hoodwinks even her regarding Lady Teazle, and Lady Teazle, in the matter of Maria. He sets out to win Maria's fortune, meets with the other on the road, and ends by a self-betrayal..“Sir Peter is a gentleman, every inch of him, and his first thought when he emerges from his hiding-place is to exculpate Joseph. His fondness is not that of a dotard, nor is he the mere flouted citizen of ancient comedy. He is fifty the equivalent of sixty now but though old enough to be her father, he is not bewitched by beauty alone. She tantalizes him into admiration...Their battledore and shuttlecock interchange- point on point as was Sheridan's habit- is not limited to repartee; the picture of her country life a picture that smells of lavender is shared between them" (Sichel, 1909 vol 1 pp 555-160). "No scene in The School for Scandal is so extravagantly prepared as the one in which Sir Oliver, disguised as Premium the moneylender, confronts his nephew, Charles. Much of Act III scene i is spent schooling Sir Oliver in his role as usurer, instructing him what clothes to wear, what in interest to charge, how to justify unconscionable terms by claiming to be a helpless middle man, a mere agent for some vicious scalper...But all this elaborate scaffolding immediately collapses in Act III scene iii when Charles meets Premium...Sheridan designs much of Act III to emphasize Charles' characteristic spontaneity and directness. He then proceeds in the opening scene of Act IV to confirm Charles' identity as an authentic man of benevolence" (Durant, 1972 pp 49-50). "The plot situation in The Country Wife (1675) is so nearly parallel to The School for Scandal that a comparison is worthwhile. In both cases a middle aged man marries a young country girl and brings her to London; in both cases a young wife becomes enamored of the gay, wicked ways of the town. Here the similarities cease. Mr Pinchwife is actually cuckolded; nevertheless he is in no way a sympathetic character. He is made ludicrous by the fact that he is himself a former rake and a notorious cuckolder...Not so Teazle...As for his more sprightly helpmeet, she gives herself away even when she would be at her most wicked...One of the most typical conceits of the Restoration goes overboard, namely the notion that love and marriage are incompatible. Moreover, the intent of the Charles Surface-Maria affair is not seduction but marriage...There is no bawdry in the dialogue, and none of the intended evil in the action is ever accomplished" (Schiller, 1956 pp 700-704).
时间:1770 年代。地点:英国巴斯。
文本链接:http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/284/2000/frameset.html https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog https://archive.org/details/britishtheatreo33inchgoog https://archive.org/details/schoolschoolmast00pottiala
莉迪亚·朗吉什是一位小说迷,因此更喜欢一位少尉而非一位男爵,这就是为什么杰克·阿布索卢特,安东尼爵士的儿子和继承人,以贝弗利少尉的假名追求她。相反,安东尼爵士和马拉普夫人,莉迪亚的姑妈,希望她嫁给杰克,却不知道这两个人是同一个人。莉迪亚深爱着贝弗利,拒绝接受杰克。她的姑妈对这种大胆感到愤怒。“你有什么权利,小姐,去谈论偏好和厌恶?”她问莉迪亚。“它们不适合年轻女子;你应该知道,由于两者总是会消失,所以在婚姻中最好一开始就带有一点厌恶。”这三个人都不知道杰克·阿布索卢特就是贝弗利,而他自己却不知道父亲打算让他娶莉迪亚,拒绝屈服于父亲的选择,认为父亲打算让他娶另一个女人。尽管遇到麻烦,莉迪亚仍然有时间与她的朋友茱莉亚诉苦,“她是这个忘恩负义的福克兰的反复无常、怪癖和嫉妒的奴隶,他将永远延迟承担丈夫的权利……”离开一段时间后,福克兰询问他的邻居鲍勃·艾克斯,在他不在期间茱莉亚的精神状态如何,他预计茱莉亚会闷闷不乐或悲伤,但鲍勃却听到她唱着:“我的心属于我自己,我的意志自由,”用欢快的曲调,让福克兰感到绝望。“蠢货!我真是个蠢货!把我的全部幸福寄托在一个如此轻浮的人身上!”他惊呼道。杰克的仆人从莉迪亚的仆人那里得知,他主人的父亲希望他娶的正是他心爱的莉迪亚。得知此事后,杰克假装接受父亲的选择,出于对父亲意愿的服从,甚至不关心她长什么样。“我承认我宁愿选择一个妻子,拥有通常数量的四肢和有限数量的后背:虽然一只眼睛可能非常迷人,但由于偏见一直偏爱两只眼睛,所以我不想在这方面表现出与众不同,”杰克对震惊的父亲说道。福克兰用鲍勃的报告质问茱莉亚。“我永远无法在你不在的时候感到快乐,”她向他保证。但是,令她悲伤的是,他继续怀疑她的真诚。“女人不习惯权衡和区分她们情感的动机:谨慎、感激或孝道的冷冰冰的指示有时会被误认为是内心的恳求,”他断言。她含泪离开了他,他更加痛苦。与此同时,杰克以自己的身份出现在发音不准的马拉普夫人面前,假装很高兴认识一位有才智的女士,马拉普夫人欣然回应。“啊!如今很少有绅士知道如何珍惜女性的无足轻重的品质,”她宣称,并告诉他她截获了她侄女的一封情书,信中一个名叫贝弗利的人署名。鉴于莉迪亚浪漫的理想,杰克继续以贝弗利少尉的身份出现在她面前,透露她的姑妈认为她是杰克·阿布索卢特。“哈哈!我忍不住想笑,想想她的聪明才智是如何被愚弄的,”她愉快地宣称。当监视的姑妈听到她说:“让她选择阿布索卢特上尉吧,但贝弗利是我的,”她惊呼道:“我对她这种无耻感到震惊!当着他的面——这是当着他的面。”她突然把莉迪亚带离了他。与此同时,鲍勃告诉他的暴躁朋友卢修斯·奥特里格爵士,他被一个名叫贝弗利的人不公平地取代了莉迪亚的爱,却不知道这个人正是他的朋友杰克。卢修斯提议决斗来解决此事。结果,鲍勃让杰克向贝弗利传达他的挑战。最后,安东尼爵士带着儿子去与马拉普夫人和莉迪亚商谈婚姻问题,这时三个人都发现了真相,莉迪亚苦涩地失望了,因为不会有任何浪漫的私奔,她对姑妈说:“夫人,您曾经命令我永远不要再想贝弗利——那个人就在那里——我现在服从您:因为从这一刻起,我永远放弃他。”杰克因这次打击而感到愤怒,心情非常糟糕,以至于他和卢修斯发生争吵,对于后者来说,这必然意味着决斗来解决他们的分歧,杰克接受了挑战,在国王草地与福克兰作为他的助手进行决斗。最后,茱莉亚,令福克兰悲伤的是,绝望地想要让他确信她的爱,宣称他们必须分开。茱莉亚与莉迪亚讨论她们不幸的爱情,却被马拉普夫人打断,马拉普夫人从杰克的仆人那里得知杰克即将进行决斗的消息,当被问到发生了什么事时,她惊呼道:“为什么,谋杀是问题!屠杀是问题!杀人是问题!——但他可以告诉你垂直线。”马拉普夫人认为卢修斯可能是她潜在的结婚对象,他来到国王草地,无意中用关于血腥和死亡的谈话吓坏了鲍勃,几乎让他吓破了胆,这时杰克与福克兰一起到来,后者面临着两场决斗,因为卢修斯认为福克兰是贝弗利,并鼓励他与鲍勃战斗,而他们两人都不想这样做。卢修斯对鲍勃的态度感到厌恶,但无论如何,他转而与杰克战斗,两人拔出剑,直到被安东尼、莉迪亚和茱莉亚三人组成的惊恐队伍打断。鲍勃放弃了对莉迪亚的追求,让给了杰克,卢修斯也一样,因为他得知寄给他的情书不是莉迪亚写的,而是马拉普夫人写的,而茱莉亚最终接受了备受折磨的福克兰。“我们的幸福现在像普遍一样纯净,”莉迪亚总结道。
“丑闻学校”
[edit | edit source]时间:1770年代。地点:英国伦敦。
文本地址:http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/284/2001/frameset.html https://archive.org/details/schoolschoolmast00pottiala
斯尼尔韦尔夫人与她的密友斯内克商讨了一个计划,旨在吸引查尔斯·瑟菲斯成为她的丈夫。她接待了一群人,这些人唯一的目的就是说别人的坏话。彼得·蒂兹尔爵士对他的婚姻感到不幸福,责怪他们年龄的差异。他抱怨妻子反抗他的权威,她反驳道:“如果你想要控制我,你应该收养我,而不是娶我:我相信你已经足够老了。”在斯尼尔韦尔夫人的家中,他没有得到任何安慰,在那里,像往常一样,住客们在打牌时拆散了许多人的名誉。蒂兹尔夫人惊讶地发现约瑟夫·瑟菲斯,查尔斯的兄弟,一个她觊觎的追求爱情对象的男人,跪在一个名叫玛丽亚的女人面前,试图勾引她。约瑟夫为自己辩护说:“玛丽亚以某种方式怀疑我对她的幸福的温柔关怀,并威胁要告诉彼得爵士她的怀疑,”而实际上他是在追求这两个女人。与此同时,彼得的一位老朋友从印度回来,奥利弗·瑟菲斯爵士,这位叔叔过去常常慷慨地对待他的侄子约瑟夫和查尔斯。彼得称赞表面上放荡不羁的约瑟夫,却贬低公开放荡不羁的查尔斯。他还贬低玛丽亚,但在打算让她嫁给约瑟夫时遭到了抵抗。为了考验从未见过他的查尔斯,奥利弗假装成一个名叫普利米厄姆的放债人。正如彼得所说,奥利弗注意到他的侄子有许多放荡的迹象,但这个浪荡子却拒绝出售他自己的画像,这弥补了所有其他不足。当蒂兹尔夫人访问约瑟夫的房子时,她很不愉快地被丈夫的到来吓了一跳,躲在一块屏风后面。彼得告诉约瑟夫,他发现了谁是他妻子的情人:不是别人,正是查尔斯,然后开始谈论他对玛丽亚的期望,约瑟夫知道蒂兹尔夫人就在附近,试图打断他。当他们听到查尔斯在外面打算与哥哥说话时,彼得想偷听他们的谈话,以便确定有关妻子的传言是否属实。他躲在一个壁橱里,并在途中注意到一个躲在屏风后面的身影,并被告知她是一个女帽匠。“狡猾的家伙!狡猾的家伙!”彼得笑着说。约瑟夫询问查尔斯有关彼得妻子的传言,但他否认了。“我一直以为你是她的最爱,”查尔斯说,对此,焦虑的约瑟夫予以否认,并为了打断他,指着壁橱,查尔斯从里面拉出彼得,对刚才听到的内容感到宽慰。彼得向查尔斯低声说了关于女帽匠的事。他们对此哈哈大笑,查尔斯拉下屏风,露出了一个不是女帽匠,而是令彼得懊恼的妻子。接下来,羞愧的约瑟夫接待了一位名叫斯坦利先生的客人,即奥利弗爵士的另一种伪装,他对他说,他叔叔迄今为止为他所做的一切都“微不足道”,并粗鲁地把他打发走了。丑闻学校接下来听到关于查尔斯和彼得之间决斗的传言,争论的焦点是是用剑还是用枪,以及彼得受伤的程度,但彼得毫发无损地走了进来,并命令说闲话的人离开他的房子。听说他们的叔叔即将到来,约瑟夫和查尔斯把碍事的普利米厄姆/斯坦利赶走,直到他们发现他就是奥利弗爵士。当斯尼尔韦尔夫人被背叛的斯内克破坏了对查尔斯的计划后,查尔斯与玛丽亚结婚便没有任何障碍了。
奥利弗·戈德史密斯
[edit | edit source]18世纪后期英国喜剧的另一位主要人物是爱尔兰剧作家奥利弗·戈德史密斯(1730-1774)。戈德史密斯的桂冠因两部喜剧而熠熠生辉:“她屈尊降贵”(1773)和“善良的人”(1768)。
"She stoops to conquer", "endowed with an atmosphere at once natural and romantic, is full of that geniality and warmth which are continually such pleasing qualities in Goldsmith’s work. The characterization is strong and unmistakable, but within well-defined types an element of the original, has been introduced. The whole combines to make a comedy, never pretentious, never over-subtle, but arising so solidly from what is fundamental in human nature that audiences in succeeding generations have always recognized its quality” (Evans, 1950 p 110). "Incident is the soul of comedy and She Stoops to Conquer is crowded with incident. And if incident is its soul, assuredly situation is its backbone, and on this assumption Goldsmith’s play is fully vertebrate. There is an unusual ,but very effective situation developed, or in course of development, in every scene; and, best of all, the imagination of an audience is stimulated in every scene to anticipate what is coming; and. yet what does come, comes with such a series of little surprises that one’s attention, which is grasped it the outset, is never allowed to be diverted from the main course of the play. The comedy marches ahead from the first: it never marks time. The dialogue is ever to the point. Every phrase but adds to the impression one gains of the naturalness of the characters...For genuine stagecraft nothing could surpass the management of the scene where, after Tony has taken the jewels, he suggests to his mother that she should pretend to Constance that she has mislaid them and call him as a witness, and then she discovers that what she meant to be a fiction is a fact. The moment she leaves the room to fetch her garnets we begin to laugh. To show a trickster tricked is the height of diversion. But the author goes further, and shows the tricksters of the trickster defeated by the simplest misunderstanding, and that not once but twice. The game of cross-purposes is maintained by a succession of the liveliest incidents, every one linked on to the other and not one in the least degree strained or unnatural" (Moore, 1890 pp 408-410). "Unlike The Good-Natured Man, the spirit of merriment is never extinguished. Even when Marlow, carried away by his admiration and love, proposes marriage to Miss Hardcastle, whom he still thinks a servant, her beguiling manner, and the perplexity of the eavesdroppers, keep the situation comic. The characterization of Miss Hardcastle, to speak of only one of the well-known personages, is a notable departure from that of the contemporary sentimental heroines, including Miss Richland of The Good-Natured Man. Her frank delight on being told that her prospective lover is handsome; her chagrin because he is shy and reserved; her failure to be shocked by his scandalous reputation, or even by the innuendoes which he addresses to her in ignorance of her identity; her ennui in the 'sober, sentimental interview' with him; and the zest with which she deceives him: all these traits of mischievous girlhood were as uncommon as vivacious. Nobody is idealized, reformed, or wept over. Nearly everyone is amused by the actions of the others; and all, without exception, are amusing to the audience. On the other hand, no character in the play is satirically lashed after the manner of the comic dramatists of the Restoration. The power of sentimentalism stayed the hand of its antagonist. Instead of deriding faults, Goldsmith smiles at foibles. He laughs with Tony Lumpkin, not at him. The only approach he makes to the kind of motif that Wycherley, Congreve, and Vanbrugh founded their comedies upon may be seen in the circumstance that the mother-wit of Tony upsets the plans of those who look upon him as their intellectual inferior; and this point Goldsmith does not emphasize. He is even less inclined to a sarcastic criticism of life than his master, Farquhar...He thinks to destroy sentimental comedy without offending the kindly attitude towards human nature which is the basis of its existence” (Bernbaum, 1915 pp 244-246). "It came, that triumph, and to a rare son of genius; one, who showed that drollery was compatible with decency, and that high comedy could exist without scoundrelly fine gentlemen to support it" (Doran, 1888 pp 297-298). “It is funny and always will be funny to know that one person is speaking on assumptions that are not shared by the person to whom he is talking...Young Marlow and his friend Hastings are on their way to see Mr Hardcastle, a friend of Marlow’s father. The purpose for the visit is so that Marlow can meet Hardcastle’s daughter, Kate, and the hope is that the two young people will agree to marry one another, as their fathers design...The mistakes begin even before the two are introduced, however, due to the fact that Marlow and Hastings are misled by Kate’s step-brother, the oaf Tony Lumpkin, to believe that they have come to an inn rather than to the Hardcastle estate. They treat Mr Hardcastle as an innkeeper rather than as a host” (Kraft, 2022 p 18). “Tony, Marlow and Hastings represent three possible ways in which a young man might behave: Tony is a wild roaring prankster out of parental control and ruined by his lack of education; Hastings is a sentimental and conventional lover; Marlow, ruined by his education in a different way to Tony, oscillates wildly between the two extremes” (Griffiths, 2022 p 94). The play "is certainly free from the faint suggestion of sentiment which emerges now and then in The Good-natured Man, and few things in comedy are more diverting than the consequences of the mistake on which the plot hinges. Mr Hardcastle's portrait is perhaps the finest in Goldsmith's dramatic gallery. Tony Lumpkin's may carry more votes yet it seems to want the finer strokes which are to be detected in the other" (Millar, 1902 p 254). “Mr Hardcastle, who maintains a high standard of behaviour despite immense provocation, is the positive representative of good breeding, whilst his wife, ridiculed for affecting the manners of the town, is the butt of Goldsmith's satire. The title of the play, which could as well apply to the heroine of Cibber's Love's Last Shift, yet again draws attention to a surprisingly modern sexual dilemma; but though sensitive in his treatment of young love Qoldsmith is interested not in the psychological but the comic potential of Young Marlowe's embarrassment in the company of sophisticated girls. Comedy of situation is fundamental to this play, and both the Marlowe-Kate love scenes and the vindication of the superior manners of Hardcastle are subordinated to this. Just as any complex examination of both sexual and social issues is avoided, so too the subject of money is not treated very seriously” (Hirst, 2018 p 46). "The play is a charming idyl, in which the rough edges of the world are ground smooth, in which faults turn out to be virtues, and mistakes to be blessings. At times the stage-land copies the actual world with fidelity, as in the scene at the Three Pigeons and in the simple country life in Hardcastle’s home. Tony Lumpkin is a genuine child of the soil" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 p 255). "The chief truths of character are those which are most historical. I will give you an illustration from Goldsmith which I daresay will be fresh in your memories. You remember old Hardcastle drilling his household in anticipation of visitors. He particularly cautions them against laughing when he tells any of his stock tales to his guests, whereupon Diggory exclaims, 'We must laugh, master, if you tell that tale about grouse and the gun-room we've laughed at that any time this last twenty years.' Whereupon old Hardcastle, highly flattered, says, 'Well, that is a good tale, Diggory; you may laugh at that.' Observe the painting of present character in these two speeches, the genial weakness of old Hardcastle, so lovable, so truthful, so illustrating in the kindest and tenderest way the everlasting truth that human nature is always ready to be turned from its purpose by a little adroit flattery. But observe also that these two speeches open up a vista that practically shows you all that is worth knowing of old Hardcastle's life for the past twenty years, and also foreshadows what his life will be for the next twenty years, if he should live as long. The more you dwell upon them the more they suggest. But the next time you see She Stoops to Conquer, mark the effect of these speeches upon a general audience- they will not awaken any great roar of laughter, such as is caused in a modern piece by a stupid distortion of words, a verbal quibble, or a meaningless mistake of pronunciation. By the greater part of the audience their full purport will be quite missed; they will scarcely strike home at all. They will count for nothing in the question of the success of the piece with a general audience" (Jones, 1895 pp 184-185). "That delightful comedy, She Stoops to Conquer, would indeed deserve a volume, and is the best specimen of what an English comedy should be. It illustrates excellently what has been said as to the necessity of the plot depending on the characters, rather than the characters depending on the plot, as the fashion is at present...[Goldsmith] had this slight shred of a plot to start with; but it was conceived at the same moment with the character of Marlow— the delicacy and art of which conception is beyond description. It was the character of all others to bring out the farce and humour of the situation, viz a character with its two sides— one that was forward and impudent with persons of the class he believed his hosts to belong to, but liable at any crisis, on the discovery of the mistake, to be reduced to an almost pitiable state of shyness and confusion. It is the consciousness that this change is in petto at any moment, that the cool town man may be hoisted in a second on this petard, that makes all so piquant for the spectator. To make Mariow a mere exquisite would have furnished a conventional dramatic contrast: but the addition of bashfulness— and of bashfulness after this artistic view— more than doubled the dramatic force. A further strengthening was the letting his friend into the secret; so that this delightfully self-sufficient creature is the only one of all concerned— including the audience— who is unaware of his situation. In the hands of an actor of genius this character would be a treat indeed, but would require the most airy and elegant gifts. He is a gentleman, and a pleasant creature with all his dandyism is interesting, and has our sympathy" (Fitzgerald, 1870 pp 91-93). “There is much farcical confusion, yet Goldsmith makes the individuals seem not mere robots in farce, but human beings trying to understand and acting understandably...Kate is Goldsmith’s masterpiece, bringing Marlow along superficially by a barmaid’s easy flirtatiousness but more deeply by good temper, irony, sense of the ridiculous” (Heilman, 1978b pp 171-172). “Young Marlow belongs to genuine high comedy as anything in Farquhar or Vanbrugh...The high comic intention is never lost in the merely ludicrous situation. In the transition from stammering modesty with Miss Hardcastle to easy familiarity with the supposed barmaid, the character does not lose its identity; for the over-assumption of ease, and the ridiculous want of it, are perceived to have exactly the same origin. The nervous effort is the same in the excess of bashfulness as when it tries to rattle itself off by an excess of impudence. It is not simply one disguise flung aside for another; the constitutional timidity is kept always ludicrously prominent, but by fine and delicate touches. ln like manner, Mr Hardcastle and his wife have the same degree of what may be called comic dignity. The jovial old squire, with his love for everything that's old, ‘old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wine’, not forgetting his own interminable old stories, is just the man to have his house mistaken for an inn! and the man to resent it too, with something festive and enjoying in the very robustness of his rage. There is altogether, let me add, an exuberant heartiness and breadth of genial humour in the comedy, which seems of right to overflow in Tony Lumpkin. He may be farcical, as such lumpish, roaring, uncouth animal spirits have a right to be: but who would abate a bit of Cousin Tony, stupid and cunning as he is, impudent yet sheepish, with his loutish love of low company, and his young-squire sense of his ‘fortin’. There is never any misgiving about Goldsmith's fun and enjoyment” (Forster, 1890 pp 410-411).
《善良的人》的主要情节是“幽默而不尖刻讽刺,温柔而不强烈情感[作者]给予……比1762年以来感伤喜剧惯例更多的喜剧场景。他接纳了通常被排除在外的低级人物,例如两个滑稽的警长,他们在与女主角的谈话中表现出的粗俗无礼让公众感到厌恶。他的次要情节,虽然开始于类似于[理查德·斯蒂尔的]《有意识的情人》(1722年)和[爱德华·摩尔的]《弃儿》(1748年)的情境,但他通过一系列有趣的笑话进行了处理。他用自然的轻松活泼点缀了他的对话,并在托马斯·洛夫蒂爵士(一个假装有政治影响力的人)和克鲁克先生(一个悲观的麻烦借贷者)身上塑造了极度荒谬的人物”(伯恩鲍姆,1915年,第227-228页)。“每一行都闪耀着高尚的人性;[戈德史密斯]用一种即使是他的受害者也难以反驳的嘲讽来攻击虚伪和做作。必须承认,杨·霍尼伍德,就像许多其他英雄一样,并不是这部戏的主要吸引力。但里奇兰小姐以她自己的方式,至少与哈德卡斯尔小姐不相上下;克鲁克和他的妻子是一对对比鲜明的夫妻;而洛夫蒂,这部戏的光彩,是他塑造的那种角色类型,戈德史密斯对此有着特殊的才能”(米勒,1902年,第253页)。“霍尼伍德试图赢得普遍的喜爱;不幸的是,他试图通过赠送给所有人来取悦所有人的活动,导致自己破产,因此变得无能和荒谬。其他人试图不成功地让他认识到这一点。直到霍尼伍德被称作世人眼中的卑鄙之人时,他才真正受到触动”(海尔曼,1978b年,第43页)。“在霍尼伍德身上,他赋予了这部喜剧以标题,我们偶尔会看到一些毫不含糊的、有意识的瞥见,即作家自己身上的弱点。也没有任何轻视它们的倾向。也许,源于性格温和而导致无意中混淆是非的错误,从未以更快乐的严厉程度被触及过。它们看起来多么辉煌,并且仍然借用邻近的某种义务的名义,它们被揭示了其本来面目;而我们对善良天性的所有喜爱,以及它在这部喜剧中带给我们的所有欢乐,都不能阻止我们通过它的帮助看到,有一种慈善可能是极大的不公正,一种仁慈,其更好的名称可能是软弱,而友谊可能仅仅是轻信。在克鲁克身上,我们看到了与此形成对比和陪衬,以及现代喜剧中最出色的角色之一。就机智而言,怀彻利或康格里夫做得不多,而法夸尔本人也无法超越它的热烈,或在呱呱叫声中注入更多油腻的享受。我们感到,与克鲁克一起痛苦是一种完美的满足……以前没有人曾在舞台上见过他;但每个人都认识过,或者曾经是,他自己的克鲁克……谁不觉得克鲁克先生以他的方式是对的?‘提前烦恼我们的不幸,这就是好处所在,当不幸来临时,我们就不会感到它们了。’同样,与这些虚构的不幸完美和谐的是洛夫蒂理想的熟人,他也是舞台上的新人,在街上也很常见”(福斯特,1890年,第258-259页)。“有了克鲁克、克鲁克夫人、洛夫蒂和蒂莫西·特威奇(那个健谈的警长),演员们应该能够在舞台上做任何事情,但他们却让人觉得非常自然”(摩尔,1890年,第294页)。
时间:1770年代。地点:英国。
文本位于 http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/goldsmth/stoops/index.htm http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/She_Stoops_to_Conquer https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog http://www.bartleby.com/18/3/ https://archive.org/details/britishtheatre_m09bell
出于恶作剧,托尼·朗普金(哈德卡斯尔夫人与她第一任丈夫的儿子)欺骗了查尔斯·马洛和乔治·黑斯廷斯,打算分别让凯特·哈德卡斯尔和康斯坦斯·内维尔相信凯特的父亲是旅馆老板。进入哈德卡斯尔家后,两人几乎没有注意到惊讶的主人(他们误以为是普通的旅馆老板),同时继续讨论服装,并在主人说话时粗鲁地打断他,然后粗暴地要了一杯热朗姆酒。让哈德卡斯尔惊讶的是,查尔斯叫来咨询厨师,而乔治则想看菜谱。他们不赞成拟议膳食的第一道菜。“去你的猪,我说,”乔治怒吼道,“去你的李子酱,我说,”查尔斯怒吼道,然后两人都希望核实床铺是否已妥善通风。康斯坦斯看到乔治和乔治看到她一样惊讶。她告诉他,这一定是托尼的把戏,哈德卡斯尔夫人(她的姑妈)希望她嫁给托尼,但她在这方面向她的爱人保证。“我向你保证,你无需担心他。如果你知道他有多么真诚地蔑视我,你会非常爱他的。”当凯特进来时,查尔斯仍然以为自己在旅馆里,变得非常不安和不知所措,他通常在异性面前的胆怯。他一开始很勇敢,但当乔治和康斯坦斯离开时,他又犹豫了,尽管凯特鼓励他,但他几乎没有看她的脸。乔治讨好哈德卡斯尔夫人,但她对托尼对康斯坦斯的不关心感到不快。乔治向托尼探询康斯坦斯的人格,说:“但她的温柔谦逊迷住了我。”“是的,但只要稍微约束她一下,她就踢起来,你就会被扔进沟里,”托尼反驳道。尽管说了这样的话,乔治发誓他会忠于她。“如果你能帮助我,我保证把她带到法国,你再也不会听到关于她的任何消息了,”他说,托尼热烈地赞成,抢走他母亲的珠宝以方便他们私奔。与此同时,哈德卡斯尔和凯特对查尔斯的个性意见不一,前者认为他无礼,后者认为他过于羞怯。哈德卡斯尔夫人在发现珠宝丢失后惊呼痛苦,托尼对此哈哈大笑,假装她在开玩笑,让她感到困惑和恼火。为了帮助查尔斯克服胆怯,凯特屈尊伪装成女招待;查尔斯突然变得大胆得多。哈德卡斯尔打断他们,惊讶地发现这样一个被认为是谦虚的人。与此同时,乔治将珠宝盒交给查尔斯,查尔斯又将其交给在他看来是女房东的人保管,实际上是哈德卡斯尔夫人。当下次遇到查尔斯时,哈德卡斯尔抱怨他的仆人喝酒,其中一个名叫杰里米的仆人似乎喝醉了。查尔斯评论说他只是在执行他的命令。“我不知道你还想要什么,除非你想让这个可怜的家伙泡在啤酒桶里,”查尔斯说。恼火的哈德卡斯尔命令他离开自己的房子。查尔斯正要离开,这时凯特终于告诉他在哪里,在他潜在的岳父的房子里。他立刻被她迷住了,但仍然无法避免考虑他们之间不平等的条件。在哈德卡斯尔夫人面前,康斯坦斯和托尼假装交换爱慕的眼神。托尼收到乔治关于他们即将私奔的信,但他阅读起来很费劲,所以康斯坦斯为了减轻哈德卡斯尔夫人的怀疑,假装她在读斗鸡的文章,并将信揉成一团,表示毫无兴趣。相反,这个虚构的故事让托尼非常感兴趣,以至于哈德卡斯尔夫人从她那里拿走了信,从而发现了她的侄女私奔的意图。她决定把康斯坦斯带到她另一个姑妈那里。与此同时,查尔斯的父亲到来,与哈德卡斯尔一起嘲笑查尔斯的错误,但当哈德卡斯尔提议结婚后,查尔斯却抗议,两人都感到惊讶。“我们只见过一次面,而且那次见面是正式的、谦虚的、没有趣味的,”他宣称。当他离开时,凯特承诺如果他们听到这对夫妇躲在屏风后面说话,就会解开这个谜团。与此同时,托尼一直在有意地领着他的母亲和表妹在房子里绕圈子,而她们却没有注意到。当托尼像对待陌生人一样与他的父亲说话时,他的母亲害怕土匪,跑出去躲在一棵树后面,直到她再也坚持不住,惊呼道:“哦,天哪!他会谋杀我的可怜的孩子,我的心肝宝贝!来吧,好心人,把你的怒火发泄在我身上。拿走我的钱,我的生命,但请饶了那个年轻人,如果你们有任何怜悯,请饶了我的孩子。”在屏风后面观察查尔斯和凯特,马洛惊讶地听到他儿子前所未有的雄辩,之后哈德卡斯尔出现,向查尔斯惊讶地揭示,查尔斯一直追求的不是女招待,而是他的女儿。当乔治和康斯坦斯出现在哈德卡斯尔夫妇面前时,查尔斯很高兴看到他们得到应有的回报。
时间:1760年代。地点:英国。
文本位于 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46630 http://www.kobobooks.com/ebook/The-good-naturd-man-She/book-LMpPxAPWFUaPH0qCQR3yvQ/page1.html
威廉·霍尼伍德爵士担心他侄子善良的天性过于频繁地导致他陷入债务。为了考验他侄子的朋友,他向贾维斯(侄子的仆人)宣布,他打算叫来一名执行官以债务为由逮捕他。霍尼伍德(侄子)爱上了里奇兰小姐,她是克鲁克尔的富有的受托人,克鲁克尔却打算让她嫁给自己的儿子利昂廷。但利昂廷爱着另一个女人奥利维亚,他在法国遇到了她,当时他打算接回他的姐姐,他的姐姐从小就和克鲁克尔的姐姐住在一起。克鲁克尔并不知道,利昂廷从法国回来时带着奥利维亚,奥利维亚假装是利昂廷的姐姐。尽管父亲鼓励他,利昂廷对里奇兰小姐的追求却缺乏热情,里奇兰小姐发现了利昂廷关于奥利维亚的秘密,便假装对他的求婚感兴趣。与此同时,克鲁克尔收到他姐姐的一封信,信中宣布他的女儿已订婚,即将嫁给一位拥有巨额财富的英国绅士。里奇兰小姐又出现了一位追求者:洛夫蒂,他听说有传言说她爱霍尼伍德,便派她去见“目前处于悲惨境地”的霍尼伍德。克鲁克尔误解了信中的人,温和地责备奥利维亚对她订婚的事情如此保密,而奥利维亚以为自己的秘密被发现了,对克鲁克尔似乎赞成她与儿子的婚姻感到欣喜若狂。当利昂廷像她一样高兴地进来,公开宣称自己的爱意时,克鲁克尔简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。“娶奥利维亚!娶自己的姐姐!当然,这孩子一定是疯了,”他断定道。这对夫妇被迫收回他们彼此的声称,发誓要逃到苏格兰结婚,并得到霍尼伍德的“建议和帮助”。由于他叔叔的阴谋,霍尼伍德看到两名执行官进来和他说话时感到很痛苦。为了避免尴尬,他付钱给两人,让他们假扮军官,但里奇兰小姐也发现了这个把戏。她遇到了乔装打扮的威廉·霍尼伍德爵士,他告诉了她自己的真实身份,以及洛夫蒂在获取她从政府财政部获得的财富方面虚伪的借口。洛夫蒂在威廉爵士本人之前假装认识威廉爵士,无意中暴露了自己。然后,贾维斯告诉他,按照他儿子的命令,他必须陪同利昂廷和奥利维亚一起逃往苏格兰。由于他叔叔的干预,霍尼伍德被释放出执行官的监禁。洛夫蒂发现霍尼伍德不知道自己的恩人,便暗示这是由于他自己的缘故。作为回报,他让霍尼伍德为了他而追求里奇兰小姐,善良的霍尼伍德勉强同意了。与此同时,贾维斯告诉奥利维亚,霍尼伍德与他承诺的相反,无法为她和利昂廷的婚姻提供经济支持。她给她的爱人写了一封愤怒的信,但意外地被克鲁克尔截获,克鲁克尔完全误解了信的内容,认为自己受到不明人士的威胁,“被选中成为火药阴谋的目标”。当里奇兰小姐听到霍尼伍德为洛夫蒂说话时,她生气地宣布:“霍尼伍德先生,让我告诉你,你误解了我的感受和你自己。当我第一次寻求你的友谊时,我期待得到建议和帮助;但现在,先生,我发现指望一个对自己如此糟糕的经济学家获得幸福是徒劳的,我必须否认那个不再做自己朋友的人的友谊。”当克鲁克尔向霍尼伍德透露他对被不明人士袭击的恐惧时,他这样建议他:“这封信需要20几尼娅放在塔尔博特旅馆的吧台上。如果它确实是一封纵火信,那么你我,先生,去那里,当写信的人来领取他期望的赃物时,抓住他。”但当利昂廷发现霍尼伍德缺乏资金,并且他的父亲似乎受他的指使出现在旅馆里时,他怀疑朋友背叛了他,并向他发起决斗,却被克鲁克尔误把邮差当成纵火犯的喊叫声打断了。奥利维亚最终不得不承认她不是克鲁克尔的女儿。与此同时,里奇兰小姐知道霍尼伍德在旅馆里,便把威廉带到那里,在那里,他告诉克鲁克尔奥利维亚的真实身份是一位骑士和他的朋友的女儿,这使得克鲁克尔同意儿子与她结婚。然后,霍尼伍德告诉里奇兰小姐他要离开英国,让洛夫蒂成为他本该占据的位置的主宰,但洛夫蒂再次无意中暴露了自己是伪装她事务的冒牌货,因此,霍尼伍德最终可以自由地娶她了。
同样具有喜剧趣味的是“狂野的燕麦”(1791年),这部作品由另一位爱尔兰人约翰·奥基夫(1747-1833年)创作。
“这部戏展现了年轻的哈里·桑德如何一时冲动,逃离朴茨茅斯学院,加入了一个巡回演出的剧团。我们原本可以期待一幅有趣的画面,但公众的偏见将主要情节限制在体面的社会中。只有流浪者这个角色,这个不可抑制且一贫如洗的喜剧演员,才是以真正的喜剧精神构思的”(Routh,1932年,第281-282页)。“各种各样的爱情阴谋几乎涉及所有主要角色:双重失而复得的儿童阴谋涉及哈里·桑德和流浪者,前者只是短暂地失踪并被短暂地误认,后者,结果证明几乎一生都在失踪”(福斯特,2010年,第83页)。
时间:1790年代。地点:英国。
文本在https://archive.org/details/wildoats00okee http://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20120303
乔治·桑德爵士支付了三名逃脱的水手的入伍费,现在正在寻找他们。他还想看看他的儿子哈里,于是派他的仆人约翰去朴茨茅斯的海军学院接他。乔治爵士遇到了贵格会信徒以法莲·史密斯,以及他的侄女阿玛兰斯夫人,她也是一位贵格会信徒,一位富有的女继承人,因此是作为儿媳的绝佳选择。哈里离开了学院,在剧院追求演艺生涯,但现在想回家,于是向他的同事兼朋友杰克·流浪者告别。在去赴约的路上,杰克在雨中得到了班克斯的庇护,班克斯以前是牧师,但现在没有圣职,与他的妹妹艾米莉亚一起生活在贫困中。班克斯没有钱偿还农民加蒙的债务,加蒙威胁要把他关进监狱,直到这位前牧师偿还部分债务,其余部分由阿玛兰斯承诺支付,阿玛兰斯寻求让村里的穷人生活更容易。杰克接下来到达一家客栈,在那里他再次遇到了加蒙,加蒙正在寻找他承诺借用谷仓作为临时剧场的演员们。为了准备乘坐马车旅行,杰克告诉店主他的姓氏:桑德。当约翰阅读乘客名单时,他误以为杰克是哈里。杰克假装是乔治爵士的儿子,跟着约翰乘坐阿玛兰斯的马车,因为他爱上了她。由于杰克答应了演员们与他们一起演出,阿玛兰斯允许他们在她的乔迁宴会上招待她富有的邻居,所得款项用于慈善事业。碰巧的是,乔治爵士在同一间客栈遇到了哈里,并告诉他打算让他娶阿玛兰斯。令他惊讶的是,哈里也找到了杰克,杰克告诉他,他假装是哈里是为了跟随阿玛兰斯,尽管没有希望,因为他卑微的出身配不上她。为了继续这个玩笑,哈里编造了一个故事,说他变成了一个冒险家,在乔治(一个假扮他父亲的同伙)的帮助下获得阿玛兰斯的爱。此外,哈里向阿玛兰斯介绍自己是一名演员,并警告她说乔治打算断绝儿子的继承权,因此假装自己是一个冒名顶替者,所有这一切都在杰克遇到乔治时取得了良好的效果。在她家,阿玛兰斯得知她的管家把班克斯和艾米莉亚赶出了小屋,但她承诺会照顾他们。艾米莉亚告诉她,很久以前,她嫁给了一位海员,这位海员在认为她被一位假牧师欺骗,在仪式上履行职责时抛弃了她,而实际上这位牧师是她哥哥,当时有神职。在困境时期,她还失去一个儿子。与此同时,乔治侮辱了杰克,杰克向他发起决斗,这时三名逃脱的水手出现了。其中一人知道他正在寻找他们,便夺走了乔治的手枪,准备向他开枪,这时杰克救了他,并追赶了这三个人。然而,当这三名恶棍说服乡下人说他抢劫了他们时,他被逮捕了。乔治现在准备去营救他的救星,这时他遇到了艾米莉亚,班克斯告诉他,他确实娶了她。当他作为治安官走上前来审问杰克的两名指控者时,他们认出了他,逃走了。在进一步询问杰克时,他高兴地发现这个人是他很久以前被艾米莉亚遗失的儿子。
“通往毁灭的道路”(1792年)是托马斯·霍尔克罗夫特(1745-1809年)创作的另一部特别成功的喜剧。
“剧情围绕家庭关系和商业利益展开。尽管这对英国悲剧或喜剧来说都不是新鲜事,但对霍尔克罗夫特来说却是新的。而且,他既有理论又有早期的实践,都赞成真正的喜剧,但却被感伤主义的潮流席卷,并直接向中产阶级呼吁,这一情况表明中产阶级的需求即使是在剧院里也日益增强。感伤主义是这部喜剧中如此普遍的特点,以至于所有情节都围绕着多恩顿的父爱冲动和哈里高尚的孝顺之爱展开。商业谨慎与父爱之间的每一个困境都通过内心的冲动得到解决”(斯塔尔鲍默,1936年,第51页)。
威廉姆森(1956年,第157页)认为,“通往毁灭之路”这部剧作为那个时代的喜剧佳作,娱乐性十足,没有经典风格的 претензии……[并且]凭借其高昂的士气和表演部分证明了其复兴的合理性:如今并非所有喜剧都像这部剧一样充满活力,或者情节如此精心设计。
“这部剧展现了即使是商人,比如银行家多顿先生和他的首席职员萨尔基先生,也在其古板的外表下隐藏着人类的心灵;即使是挥霍无度的浪子,比如多顿的儿子哈里,尽管鲁莽,却也拥有慷慨的责任感。当哈里的挥霍最终导致人们争相挤兑他父亲的银行时,这个年轻人决心通过迎娶富有的沃伦夫人来挽救银行,尽管他真正爱的是她的女儿。剧情的一半发生在那个令人讨厌的寡妇豪华的宅邸里,讽刺了她的恶性循环,尤其是那个愚蠢的时髦人物戈芬奇,他总是喋喋不休地说着‘那就是你的类型’,他渴望获得寡妇的财富来偿还债务。最后,萨尔基的坚定忠诚挽救了银行。哈里在经历了教训后,可以自由地娶他心仪的女孩,而沃伦夫人则因发现一份新的遗嘱而被剥夺了继承权”(劳斯,1932年,第277页)。
“该剧在早期的受欢迎程度的关键因素是戈芬奇。这是一个全新且原创的角色,本身对情节发展并不至关重要,但因其为舞台带来的语言活力而显得非凡且令人难忘,他断断续续的表达方式展现了伴随社会流动努力而产生的焦虑和不安……政治的时代性,与皇室的相似之处以及革命的共鸣,都被他舞台形象带来的阵阵欢笑所掩盖”(加奈,2023年,第48页)。
时间:1790年代。地点:英国伦敦。
文本位于 https://archive.org/details/roadtoruincomedy00holc https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.515512
多顿从报纸文章中得知他儿子兼公司合伙人哈里的债务后,担心公司的信誉。哈里与他的朋友米尔福德一起到来,后者担心多顿要逮捕他。“他曾威胁要把我从公司除名,并把我逐出家门一千次,”哈里漫不经心地承认。但这次他的父亲确实将他除名,并阻止他进入房子。米尔福德从遗嘱执行人萨尔基那里得知,他已故父亲的遗失遗嘱在法国被发现,并已寄给萨尔基,但尚未收到。第二天,萨尔基拜访了寡妇沃伦夫人,为米尔福德求情,尽管米尔福德只是她已故丈夫的私生子。她拒绝提供帮助。当哈里来到房子时,他遇到了她与前夫所生的女儿索菲娅,他与她调情,谈论情人节的主题,告诉她可以秘密传递情人节礼物的方式,比如放在李子蛋糕里。另一位赌徒戈芬奇来到这里拜访寡妇。他和哈里都与寡妇调情,想从她那里得到钱,但出于任性,她拒绝见他们中的任何一个。当米尔福德宣布一场网球比赛时,三个人都冲出去,在比赛上下注,但米尔福德因债务被捕。当他派人把消息告诉哈里时,哈里拒绝前往。后来,戈芬奇从一个放贷者西尔基那里得知,沃伦的遗嘱价值15万英镑,由于名字只差一个字母,被错误地寄给了他而不是萨尔基。西尔基建议他们利用这个错误,从寡妇那里获得一份结婚承诺书,戈芬奇同意了。在得知米尔福德被捕后,西尔基做出了商业安排,以利用这种情况。此外,他告诉沃伦寡妇,他拥有她已故丈夫的遗嘱。“我已经与我的朋友戈芬奇先生讨论过这件事,他认为,对于这样一个如此重要的秘密,几乎可以一扫而空,我应该获得三分之一,”他宣称。“你是一个非常令人震惊的老守财奴,西尔基先生,一个非常令人厌恶的人,你曾经有过的爱心都变成了石头,”她回答。“你对一双漂亮的眼睛的力量毫无感觉。但我已经赢得了一场征服,让我超出了你的掌控。我的意思是嫁给多顿先生。”当戈芬奇向她求婚时,她拒绝了,但并没有排除未来任何希望的可能性。与此同时,多顿被哈里的债权人淹没了。他愤怒地冲着儿子喊道:“你怎么敢把这些蝗虫带进来?”“绝望,先生,是一个无所畏惧的英雄,”哈里反驳道。但在他最终理解到他的债务对他父亲的财务状况造成的后果,以及他们正走在毁灭的道路上后,他漫不经心的语气发生了改变。在出门的路上,多顿注意到哈里那悲伤的神情。“听着,哈里。我非常高兴,”他悲惨地喊道。但哈里冲出去向西尔基寻求贷款,西尔基拒绝了他,然后安排利用多顿的困境。为了帮助他的父亲,哈里现在觉得他别无选择,只能向寡妇求婚。他们的谈话被索菲娅打断,索菲娅把情人节礼物交给他,以换取他收到的李子蛋糕里的情人节礼物。她母亲粗鲁地把她赶走了。为了帮助哈里摆脱绝望的困境,她借给他6000英镑。但当得知米尔福德被捕后,哈里用这笔钱偿还了米尔福德的债务,而不是偿还自己的债务。当多顿从萨尔基那里得知他的儿子收到了贷款并向寡妇求婚时,他去向她还钱。穿着灰色衣服的寡妇把他误认为牧师,并侮辱了他。当哈里到来时,他告诉他的父亲,多亏了萨尔基,他的生意得救了,萨尔基是他叔叔留下一大笔财产的继承人。与此同时,戈芬奇告诉米尔福德,如果他支付西尔基5万英镑,寡妇就是他的。当米尔福德告诉萨尔基这个提议时,他断定西尔基一定拥有遗嘱。他们赶紧去阻止这笔交易,但在试图监视骗子时,被心存疑虑的西尔基锁在壁橱里,准备一旦寡妇签署了与戈芬奇结婚的承诺,就烧掉遗嘱。然而,萨尔基和米尔福德在多顿夫妇敲响房门的同时,猛烈地敲打着壁橱门,导致西尔基的计划失败。
乔治·科尔曼(老)(1732-1794年)创作的《嫉妒的妻子》(1761年)也位列该时期喜剧之首。
在《嫉妒的妻子》中,“虽然奥克利夫人是嫉妒妻子的典型代表(‘全是冲动和怒火;一个装满火药和导火索的弹药库’),奥克利先生(‘我对她的爱让我变得如此愚蠢,以至于我从来没有勇气反驳她’)不仅仅是一个受气包丈夫……科尔曼给了他同情,这是他绝不可能从约翰逊那里得到的……然而,有两个角色不仅同样适合性格喜剧和风俗喜剧,而且也恰如约翰逊和孔格里夫所描绘的那样。他们是乡绅亨利·拉塞特和乡下准男爵哈里·比格尔爵士。每个人都有自己的约翰逊式的执念,拉塞特对女儿的奉献(‘如果我伤了她的心,我也会让她幸福的’),比格尔对体育运动的热爱(‘这个笨蛋除了猎犬、猎马、五障碍门和赛马之外,脑子里没有任何想法’)……另外两个角色显然是普遍的类型,查尔斯·奥克利(具有‘狂野性格’但心地善良的年轻人)和大卫·奥克利(‘一个放荡不羁的单身汉,一个头脑简单的暴徒’,由于在酒馆和营地里汲取观念,他比任何丈夫都了解女性)。在这方面,也许最有趣的是奥卡特(‘一个十足的海怪’,‘他总是看起来和说话都像在甲板上’)……最后,还有一个完全正直的角色,那就是哈里特·拉塞特,一个性格和举止都毫无趣味的女孩”(卢卡斯,1951年,第49-50页)。
“在科尔曼的《嫉妒的妻子》中出现了那个迷人的恶棍,皇家海军上尉奥卡特,他通过特林克特勋爵的影响被任命为监管上尉,试图通过征召一些吵闹的马夫来回报恩情。虽然这位诚实的军官并不知情,但受害者是女主人公哈里特的父亲和情人,勋爵正计划在他们的自然保护者处于困境时绑架她。上尉意外地交换了两封信,并揭露了阴谋:‘该死,不是我,我根本没读过。’他有点像一个好战分子:‘小特伦斯·奥卡特从不失败,信仰,当需要割喉时。’他完全用海军交战的术语生动地描述了一场抓壮丁的战斗,显然钦佩对手的勇气,尽管其中一人伤了他的‘右舷眼’”(沃森,1931年,第188-189页)。
“奥克利夫人旨在讽刺军方的滥用武力和他们滥用职权的方式。简而言之,角色们对她威胁和辱骂的夸大,为军事干预提供了借口……奥克利夫人指控她的丈夫有许多婚外情……尽管她的丈夫一再否认,但她还是在整个剧中一直怀抱着这些关于丈夫的幻想;他显得优柔寡断、平庸,除了在剧初的爆发之外,基本上无关紧要。通过将奥克利先生与他的妻子并置,科尔曼似乎是想引起人们对她活力的关注。此外,奥克利夫人创造了这些看似被军队贬低的人物生动的版本……奥克利先生容易受到男性制造的虚构故事的影响,无论这些故事多么荒谬。哈丽特父亲的愤怒信读起来就像一部耸人听闻的小说。哈丽特一生从未违背过父亲的意愿,她私奔的想法似乎很荒谬。然而,奥克利从未质疑过这种说法,甚至强调了耸人听闻的措辞,忽略了上下文……因此,这部戏剧在一定程度上展现了,随着感性男性作为英国文化中一种新的身份出现,女性如何抓住他们的敏感性,即使不是在公共领域发挥权力,也在加强她们在家中的控制,并限制男性在其他地方的自由”(范雷嫩,2020 年,第 55-59 页)。
老科尔曼“是18世纪后期那些声誉在过去因对戈德史密斯和谢里丹的过分推崇而受损的更重要的剧作家之一”(巴德,1936 年,第 574 页)。
时间:1760 年代。地点:英国伦敦。
文本参见 https://archive.org/details/britishtheatre20bell https://archive.org/details/jealouswifecomed00colm https://archive.org/details/wifecomed00colmjealousrich
奥克利嫉妒的妻子发现一封信,信中亨利·拉塞特指控她无辜的丈夫与自己的女儿哈丽特私奔,并因此纠缠丈夫。在哥哥(一位陆军少校)面前,奥克利反过来指控他们的侄子查尔斯,但查尔斯也是无辜的。查尔斯发现哈丽特为了避免嫁给哈里爵士而逃离了父亲的家,并怀疑她藏在她姑妈弗里洛夫夫人的家中。当他去寻找她时,奥克利提议这对年轻夫妇留在他们的保护之下。“什么,把我当作你的方便的女人!”奥克利夫人在又一次嫉妒的愤怒中惊呼,认为这个建议是她丈夫获得情妇恩惠的借口。弗里洛夫夫人确实把哈丽特留在她的房子里,但尽管女孩厌恶,她也打算把她嫁出去,不是嫁给哈里,而是嫁给她的朋友:特林克特勋爵。当这位夫人收到哈里的来信以及一些城里闲话时,她故意让哈丽特与渴望得到她青睐的特林克特勋爵在一起,后者因求爱失败而愤怒,与她争吵,这时查尔斯走了进来。看到混乱,他拔出了剑。他们打了起来,女孩趁机逃脱。心烦意乱的弗里洛夫夫人重新进来,将他们分开,并命令她的侄子出去。哈里失望地发现,这个固执的女孩在他终于找到她的时候逃跑了。为了摆脱哈丽特的父亲和求婚者,特林克特勋爵请求奥卡特船长强制他们加入女王陛下的军队。他还要求他向查尔斯发出挑战。船长欣然同意了这两项命令。弗里洛夫夫人则告诉奥克利夫人哈丽特已经走了,并暗示奥克利可能是她的秘密情人。哈丽特无处可去,绝望地请求奥克利收留她,但奥克利担心妻子的嫉妒,被迫拒绝。她痛苦地恳求他让她留下。“我永远毁了,”她哭泣着,奥克利夫人无意中听到了他们的谈话,完全误解了,更加纠缠她的丈夫。当哈丽特的父亲出现时,她因痛苦而昏厥。奥克利的妻子和亨利指责奥克利试图勾引哈丽特,直到一个醉醺醺的查尔斯打断他们。看到他的状况,沮丧的哈丽特跟随她的父亲而不是她不幸的求婚者。在少校面前,奥卡特船长向查尔斯发出了挑战,但他交给了查尔斯错误的信,那是特林克特勋爵写给弗里洛夫夫人的信,揭示了哈丽特在一家客栈的下落,在那里,哈里终于有机会向她求婚。她拒绝了。当查尔斯出现时,她因他的醉酒行为而拒绝跟随他。但当特林克特勋爵出现时,她被迫这样做。为了促成哈丽特的父亲与特林克特勋爵的婚姻,弗里洛夫夫人提议特林克特勋爵释放被奥卡特船长的同伙囚禁的哈丽特的父亲和哈里。亨利和哈里与特林克特勋爵一起回到了奥克利家,与他们的女儿团聚。亨利得知哈里因哈丽特消极的态度而灰心丧气,他把哈丽特的所有权换给了特林克特勋爵换取一匹马,感到非常沮丧。亨利解雇了特林克特勋爵,因为查尔斯向他展示了特林克特勋爵写给弗里洛夫夫人的信,而这封信被错误地送到了他自己的手上。因此,亨利接受查尔斯作为哈丽特的丈夫。当奥克利夫人得知他们打算结婚时,她与丈夫和解,并承诺纠正自己的嫉妒情绪。
"美人计"(1780 年),汉娜·考利(1743-1809 年)最成功的喜剧,呼应了法夸尔的"花花公子计"(1707 年),但实际上是基于菲利普·内里科特·德斯图什(1680-1754 年)的"假阿涅斯"(1759 年)。
"这部戏的标题所指的计策,是‘她屈尊求胜’主题的众多变体之一……莱蒂霞·哈迪的计策是双重的:她与多里科特订婚,后者漫不经心地完成了法律上的初步手续。她决定采用浪漫的权宜之计,首先假装成一个笨拙的乡下丫头来让他厌恶自己;其次,在万神殿的时尚化装舞会上,以一个时髦的陌生人的身份迷住他……多里科特也是一个爱炫耀的角色;当他被莱蒂霞的粗俗和粗鲁彻底厌恶时,他就像《爱情至上》中的瓦伦丁一样,假装疯了……大多数的情节都是早期作家的戏剧陈词滥调,但人物却属于他们自己的时代”(罗兹,1929 年,第 130-131 页)。
“戏剧的主要困扰源于一个想法,一些评论家声称这个想法是从玛丽亚在《市民》中使用的类似计策中借鉴来的,但如果这个提示是从[亚瑟]墨菲的闹剧中借鉴来的,那么目标就是新颖的,而且肯定非常原创。莱蒂霞·哈迪用来赢得多里科特感情的手段再荒谬、再不自然、再令人作呕不过了,但连续的观众却为这些场景中展现的精神所陶醉,忽略了它们的缺陷,因此很明显,在舞台上,技巧娴熟的笔者可以不受惩罚地违背自然。美人计的魅力在于一些非常巧妙的人物素描,以及对话的生动、尖锐和优雅。女主人公本人,作者将其作为一位拥有卓越理解力和敏锐感受力的女性的精致克制的典范,因一种可爱的羞怯而无法展示她的才华,完全失败了。没有一个真正害羞的女人会越过谦虚的界限,屈服于她所使用的粗俗的伎俩;莱蒂霞·哈迪必须被归类为那些完全属于舞台的女主人公,她们在舞台灯光之外根本不存在。这个角色通常由希望有机会展示滑稽幽默的女演员选择,但更有判断力的女演员更喜欢雷克特夫人的角色,这是戏剧中对时髦女性的最完美的素描之一;她对贵夫人的描述被认为值得西伯或谢里丹称赞。多里科特也刻画得非常好,描绘一个完美的绅士而不陷入平庸的难度得到了克服。弗拉特是马普洛特的愉悦复活,而老哈迪则是一位功绩超群的舞台父亲。弗朗西斯夫人的角色也非常有趣,并推荐了一个其他的次要情节,否则由于与该剧的主要主题无关而令人反感。考利夫人的剧中人物通常挤满了走马灯似的绅士和女士;在本例中,我们有萨维尔、库尔塔尔和乔治·塔奇伍德爵士,每个人都在一定程度上促成了主要的设计,但没有一个足够重要到可以交给优秀的演员,这种情况总是对戏剧有害的,在很多情况下甚至致命。奥格尔小姐是那些总是出现在观众面前,但台词很少,几乎没有事情可做的无足轻重的人之一,因此与那些至少没有机会破坏场景的纯粹的小角色区分开来”(邓纳姆,1836 年,第 3 卷,第 372-373 页)。
其他一些评论家不同意达勒姆 (1836) 的观点,即莱蒂夏的角色是一个失败的角色。“莱蒂夏利用多里科特认为每个面具背后都存在本质的假设,将自己塑造成他渴望的对象,同时也积极地满足着自己的欲望。在第二次见面时,莱蒂夏通过装傻取得了多里科特的绝对轻蔑后,她戴上面具乔装打扮,并在化妆舞会上诱惑了他。为了分散多里科特拼命试图揭开面具下人物身份的注意力,莱蒂夏与他进行了一场关于婚姻的机智的唇枪舌战……多里科特试图夺取莱蒂夏面具的绝望尝试正是体现了这种想法,因为它假定可以穿透面具背后存在的‘事物本身’,只等待被置于他的观赏控制之下。然而,莱蒂夏成功地抵制了这种夺取,表明了她难以捉摸的特性”(弗里曼,2002 年,第 181 页)。
“多里科特最初对莱蒂夏的冷淡反应是由他在欧洲大陆与女性的经历所塑造的……尽管莱蒂夏称自己是‘他的奴隶’,是她热情的无助受害者(1.4.131),但她仍然成为旨在教育这位英雄拥有启蒙时代英国绅士应有欲望的改革阴谋中的积极参与者。总之,多里科特必须学会看到并欣赏一位英国淑女的微妙魅力。就像这一时期许多涉及身份错误的喜剧一样,《美女的策略》中的化妆舞会场景对于测试、发现和改革的情节至关重要,而化妆舞会的危险则是剧中讨论的话题,甚至成为社会身份模糊的隐喻……年龄身份被掩盖或伪造的容易程度是乔治·塔奇伍德爵士表达的一种焦虑……然而,莱蒂夏将戏剧化的社会表演作为她自己关于身份的个人喜剧的模型……在这个发现场景中,莱蒂夏揭示了她的小策略,声称这是由女性的谦逊(一种国家和个人特征)所迫使的,这种特征最初使她在他面前隐藏起来”(拉德,2022 年,第 103-106 页)。
“乔治爵士不信任发现他的妻子弗朗西斯夫人与女性在一起,抱怨说‘她到处可见,唯独不在自己的家里’。尽管她的朋友卡罗琳可能助长赌博等不良习惯,但整个女性在家庭之外娱乐自己的事情以一种相当积极的方式呈现,提倡一种世界主义胜过地方主义”(华莱士,2001-02 年,第 424-425 页)。
时间:1780 年代。地点:英格兰。
文本位于 https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog https://archive.org/details/bellesstratagemc00cowlrich http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47604 http://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20141207
在最近与莱蒂夏见面并由父母安排成为未婚夫后,多里科特并不感到印象深刻,认为她是一个典型的沉闷的英国女孩。他的朋友萨维尔对此观点感到惊讶。“她应该有精神!热情!活泼的气质!”多里科特喊道。“那一点东西,那什么东西,每个人都能感受到,但没有人能描述,存在于意大利和法国那些不可抗拒的魅力之中。”莱蒂夏方面也同样感到沮丧。“一个结婚十五个月的人不可能用更尖刻的冷漠来审视我,”她向她的朋友卡罗琳·拉凯特宣称。令她的父亲哈迪先生惊讶的是,莱蒂夏设计了一个策略,让自己显得胆小和愚蠢,从而确定她的爱人是否真的能够学会爱她。多里科特拜访了最近与弗朗西斯夫人结婚的乔治·塔奇伍德爵士。但在嫉妒的驱使下,乔治爵士阻止了他的朋友见到她。卡罗琳和她的朋友奥格尔小姐邀请弗朗西斯夫人和她们一起去玩。“来吧,我们和你一起去送几张卡片,然后去拍卖行,然后我们开车去肯辛顿;我们五点钟回家换衣服,晚上我会陪你去参加化妆舞会,”卡罗琳建议道。但乔治反对这样的计划,并在看到他犹豫不决的妻子与这两个女人出去时变得沮丧。正按照计划,在接下来与她的意中人见面时,莱蒂夏在多里科特的眼中显得胆小和愚蠢,这让他更加灰心丧气,但仍然愿意参加布里兰特夫人的化妆舞会。与此同时,萨维尔的朋友库特尔打算在那里与弗朗西斯调情。曾经把她视为自己的爱人,萨维尔对这个计划感到厌恶。库特尔命令他的仆人查明乔治将穿哪套服装,以便他可以穿上同样的服装,但萨维尔拦截了他的仆人,了解了这个计划,并安排了一个妓女穿上与弗朗西斯相同的服装。在化妆舞会上,多里科特被一位戴面具的女性的外貌和才智所吸引,却不知道那是莱蒂夏。卡罗琳决定这两个人应该在今晚结婚。“假装自己病得很重,”她建议她的父亲,“派人去叫多里科特,告诉他除非你首先看到仪式完成,否则你无法安然离世。”就在库特尔成功地囚禁了他认为是弗朗西斯的人,并向他的朋友们炫耀他的征服时,他发现她是一个妓女,并因此感到羞愧而离开了这个国家。为了摆脱婚姻,多里科特假装自己疯了,但这个计划被萨维尔发现,他将其透露给了卡罗琳和其他人。但当多里科特被带到哈迪的病床前时,他失去了勇气去否认他的女儿。相反,哈迪沮丧地准备迎接他的婚姻厄运,直到他发现莱蒂夏就是他如此着迷的那位戴面具的女人,这时他看起来像往常一样健康,并祝贺这对夫妇即将举行的婚礼。
这个时期值得注意的一部情节剧包括托马斯·莫顿(1764-1838)的《犁快行》(1798)。
尽管莫顿的“作品被当时流行的阴郁和怪诞的德国风格所毁,但他确实拥有真正的幽默精神,并在他的众多角色中展现了极大的多样性。他的一些戏剧仍然在舞台上保留着,也就是说,当需要做出牺牲时,即需要对合法性表示敬意时,偶尔会被重新上演。他的角色都彼此不同,特征鲜明,由一种独特的活力所推动,这种活力弥补了许多夸张之处,并推动了剧情的发展。《治情伤》、《犁快行》和《法定继承人》确实是令人愉快的作品,如果表演得当,会给人留下愉悦的感觉。鲍勃·汉迪和埃贝尔爵士从不乏味;还有阿什菲尔德农夫,以及在那里首次引用了永恒的格兰迪夫人的乡下人。即使是令人沮丧的菲利普·布兰福德爵士——舞台上最早的邪恶男爵之一,他通过拿出‘刀和血布’来查看其罪行的证据来抚慰自己的悔恨——也成为了其他人的欢快活力的陪衬”(菲茨杰拉德,1870 年,第 126-127 页)。
“阿什菲尔德夫人经常提及格兰迪夫人,这使得这个名字变得家喻户晓”(劳斯,1932 年,第 281 页)。“阿什菲尔德夫人对格兰迪夫人的过度恐惧……对世界作为审查者的非批判性恐惧做出了真正滑稽的反映。另一方面,这部戏剧中出现了一个邪恶的男爵和一个最终变好的男爵(世界变得更好了),还有一条行动路线宣扬了乡村劳动的崇高性。也就是说,除了有趣的观察之外,还坚持强调哪些事情不可为以及人们应该做什么。这种使命感——反对不法行为,提出解决方案,列出清单——从 18 世纪的戏剧开始,几乎主导了 19 世纪的戏剧”(海尔曼,1978b 年,第 101-102 页)。
“在阿什菲尔德农夫的角色中……劣等演员放纵他们缺乏辨别力的能力,将每个乡下人描绘成一个懒散粗俗的乡巴佬,因为,由于他们只抓住表面现象,所以他们必须夸大这些现象来弥补更彻底模仿的不足。埃默里先生理解乡村的各种层次:他的阿什菲尔德农夫,尽管它偶尔会因其随意性和缺乏城市礼仪而引发我们的欢笑,但却是男子气概的,并且值得尊重:就像一个家庭的主人一样,他似乎总是关注周围人的事务,并且从未因娱乐观众而忘记自己的角色,从而打破了他自然的关怀和工作”(亨特,1894 年版,第 55 页)。
时间:1790年代。地点:英国。
文本位于 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19407 http://archive.org/details/speedtheplough19407gut
菲利普·布兰福德爵士离开二十年后返回,准备将他的独生女儿艾玛嫁给艾贝尔·汉迪爵士的儿子罗伯特。艾贝尔娶了内莉,她是农民托马斯·阿什菲尔德和他的妻子家里的前仆人。为了给托马斯留下好印象,罗伯特打算向他展示如何挥舞棍棒,但农民一击就把他打倒了。然后,罗伯特得知托马斯是他心爱的女人苏珊的父亲。当内莉·汉迪夫人到来时,她被阿什菲尔德一家粗俗的行为吓了一跳,听到罗伯特过于随便的讲话也感到不悦。当阿什菲尔德一家看到苏珊读完罗伯特的一封信后哭泣时,他们打开了她的私人盒子阅读信件,但随后托马斯为自己这种偷偷摸摸的行为感到羞愧,反而询问了苏珊此事,苏珊透露她被误导以为他爱她,但现在看来并非如此。尽管艾贝尔对他的新发明(一种特殊的犁)抱有希望,但在犁地比赛中获胜的不是罗伯特,而是亨利,一个在阿什菲尔德农场长大的私生子,他获得了艾玛颁发的奖章,并有机会参观她父亲的城堡。但当菲利普看到获胜者时,他从容貌上认出了他的父亲,并立即命令他离开。他向女儿解释说,在结婚前,他几乎输掉了所有家产给一个名叫莫林顿的人。婚礼第二天,他的妻子收到了一笔来自匿名人士的大笔邮件。他还得到了第二个来源的帮助。“艾贝尔·汉迪提议通过婚姻联合我们的家族,并考虑到他所说的我们联盟的荣誉,同意偿还我所有财产上的所有债务,并将它们作为你的嫁妆和他的儿子的财产,”他进一步解释道。然而,莫林顿及其代理人从未对他的财产提出任何索赔。但是,他没有透露他离开该国二十年的原因。“我会满足你的所有愿望,”艾玛承诺道。为了进一步疏远亨利,菲利普提议放弃托马斯欠他的债务,以换取赶走这个男孩,但他拒绝了。与此同时,艾贝尔惊讶地得知,内莉曾与城堡的一名仆人结婚,该仆人出国后去世。当托马斯透露菲利普的提议时,他的妻子主动出售她的丝绸长袍。“我会穿着粗布长袍去教堂,”她补充道,“让格伦迪太太尽情地翘起鼻子吧,”指的是她的对手以及教区的道德标准。帮助以莫林顿的形式出现,莫林顿在得知菲利普的威胁后,给了亨利菲利普的债券,这将解除农民的债务并防止他破产。当亨利将债券呈交给菲利普时,他告诉菲利普,莫林顿恳求他不要把女儿嫁给一个她不喜欢的人。愤怒的菲利普告诉亨利,莫林顿是个骗子,于是亨利撕毁了债券。菲利普深感内疚,向罗伯特透露了亨利的出身,他是他即将结婚的女人与他弟弟发生关系后所生,该女人在分娩后去世,而他弟弟则被他出于嫉妒而杀害。尽管背负着这些秘密,罗伯特还是提议与苏珊结婚,苏珊在父母的同意下接受了。“我说,托马斯,格伦迪太太会怎么说呢?”阿什菲尔德太太得意地问道。艾贝尔得知此事后感到惊讶,这打乱了他针对菲利普的计划。他更加惊讶,但他欣然接受了莫林顿的代理人杰拉尔德的提议,以换取一大笔钱摆脱他不再爱的妻子。当内莉到来时,她看到她假定已死的丈夫还活着,感到震惊,几乎和艾贝尔一样欣喜若狂。后来,他仍然热衷于发明,意外地点燃了城堡的一间房间,艾玛多亏亨利才得以获救,亨利发现了一把带血布的刀。菲利普仍然深感内疚,透露他杀害了自己的父亲。在生死攸关的冲突中,亨利犹豫着该怎么办,这时莫林顿自称是菲利普的兄弟,他并没有死,而是为了弥补自己的背叛,救了他免受骗子的伤害。