IB 环境系统与社会/污染检测与监测
外观
5.2.1 描述两种直接监测污染的方法。
-空气污染-
- 测量雨水的酸度以确定污染水平
- 使用气体传感器测量大气中的 CO2、CO 或 NOx 水平
- 测量悬浮在大气中的颗粒物
-土壤污染-
- 根据测试制造商的说明进行硝酸盐和磷酸盐测试
- 测量土壤中有机物的含量
-水污染-
- 硝酸盐和磷酸盐测试
- 粪便大肠菌群测试
- 重金属测试
5.2.2 定义生化需氧量 (BOD) 的术语,并解释这种间接方法如何用于评估水中的污染水平。
- 生化需氧量:指在一定体积的水中,通过需氧生物活性分解有机物所需的溶解氧量。
high BOD indicates there are many organisms using oxygen for respiration low BOD indicates relatively few organisms needing oxygen for respiration high BOD = low DO levels = high pollutant levels, especially nitrate & phosphate low BOD = high DO levels = low pollutant levels
5.2.3 描述并解释使用生物指数测量污染水平的间接方法。
- 我们可以通过两种不同的方式测量污染水平:我们可以直接测量污染本身
或者,我们可以使用与污染水平相关的其他因素作为这些污染水平的间接指标。
- 特伦特生物指数使用 6 种关键生物(石蝇幼虫、蜉蝣幼虫、毛翅目幼虫、Gammarus、Asellus 和管状红血虫以及红摇蚊幼虫)的存在或不存在来指示河流中相对的污染水平。
Advantage: Easy to use, especially for moderately or heavily polluted sites. Disadvantages: not specific enough, doesn’t fully account for habitat quality
- 我们还可以使用“由于污染物而发生变化的非生物因素”来间接测试污染水平,例如水的溶解氧 (DO) 或 BOD 水平
Indicator species are those species that are present either only in polluted areas or only in unpolluted areas. For example… o freshwater shrimp, o freshwater mussels, o stonefly nymphs, o caddisfly larvae, o rat-tailed maggot o sludge worms in polluted water, o peppered moth wing color (predominantly black indicates high levels of soot and particulate matter in the air; predominantly light grey indicates relatively particulate-free air), o Gammarus - small crustaceans that are sensitive to different salinity levels, o Asellus - another small freshwater crustacean, which is relatively tolerant of pollution, and therefore an indicator of polluted sites