诗歌解读
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诗歌解读
1 引言
2 声音模式
3 图像
4 词语选择
5 隐喻
6 主题
7 语气
8 结构
9 综合起来
This book develops the set of interpretive techniques needed for a reader to respond to various out-of-the-ordinary uses poets make of words. Running through these interpretive techniques are the following more abstract concerns: foregrounding, associating, and patterning. These ideas will be explained more fully as we focus on each of the following traits of poetry: sound patterning, images and image patterns, themes, word choice, figurative language, and finally structure and tone. Many of the poems in the book are my own, but I will also bring in poems by other writers to illustrate a point.
Here as a poem that "asks" the reader to see and hear the simplest kind of sound patterning, end rhyme:
如果爱像一座桥，或者也许像一种怨恨，
而时间像一条河，让我们瑟瑟发抖地死去，
那么，这些早晨意味着什么，除了衰老成爱？
现在笔直的东西一定是弯曲的；现在完整的东西一定是破裂的。
我的手现在是你的手套。
One of the "out-of-the-ordinary" uses of words here is the echoes heard at the ends of lines. The speaker throws a slight curve ball at the beginning--"bridge" and "grudge" don't rhyme perfectly. they are an example of slant rhyme. But from that point one, we have perfect rhymes, though not in an exact pattern--"river" and "shiver"; then "meant," "bent," and "rent"; and finally "love" and "glove." Even that small bit of sound patterning pushes this statement out of the ordinary. I also asks you, the reader, to look at the way the statement is made and not just at its message.
You notice that "bridge" and "grudge" oppose each other, one joining and one separating emotionally at least. The pair "river" and "shiver" introduces the theme of time and joins it with its ancient image of a river, with the added minor chord of our being killed, drowned perhaps, with a "shiver."
The then-clause applies the imagery of bridge and river and shiver to the speaker and the person addressed. This clause tells us that the "mortalizing" passage of time may be redeemed by the growth of love. That can happen if the couple do the repair work suggested by straightening whatever has been "bent" and knitting together what has been torn apart ("rent" past tense of "rend"). And the "love-glove" rhyme rounds off the poem, the theme word ("love") being fused with the image word ("glove").
You can see from our looking AT the rhyme words rather than through them the poem becomes deeper. You have begun to practice foregrounding.
Here's another one
在灰色的空气中，我寻找一个起点，并试图不在乎冬天是否会持续。
雪花从天空中盘旋而下，将它们幼稚的打击声带到我的耳中和眼前。
我认识或应该当父亲的孩子睡在我的骨头里。我听到他们的哭声。
他们不会为一个夜晚和短暂的繁殖而醒来，而是为了以父亲为食而醒来。
没有弯曲的腿在雪中移动。冬天拖着脚步。没有什么想成长。
"To My Wife" is a simple poem without much to push it out of the ordinary other than the use of rhymes that are semantically associated with each other. "He Contemplates his Celibacy" is more complex. (Anytime you want to understand a poem you should be ready to look up unfamiliar words like "celibacy." That's become ridiculously easy--
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celibacy。）这首诗只有两个完美的押韵，三个斜押韵，还有一个诗节（一组押韵的诗行）完全打破了押韵方案。看看你是否能找到它们。
The "gray air" is associated in the speaker's mind with the winter, the coldness, that he tries to dismiss. He also associates the winter, this time the snow, with unborn children whose potential he feels within him. Then, breaking the rhyme pattern, he shifts to the image of insects. His unborn sons and daughters transform in his mind into offspring that destroy their parent, as some species of insects actually do. The last stanza has a perfect rhyme and a slant rhyme. The speaker insists that there is no buried life waiting to be born. Perhaps unconsciously the speaker's attributing the absence of a wish for life applies to him. Just as the speaker will father no children, so he himself will not grow. If you as a reader associate this denial-of-new-life poem with the winter solstice, to which it runs counter, that is your call. Associations usually need to be stated non-dogmatically, as possible meanings but not necessary ones.
在灰色的空气中，我寻找一个起点，并试图不在乎冬天是否会持续。
雪花从天空中盘旋而下，将它们幼稚的打击声带到我的耳中和眼前。
我认识或应该当父亲的孩子睡在我的骨头里。我听到他们的哭声。
他们不会为一个夜晚和短暂的繁殖而醒来，而是为了以父亲为食而醒来。
没有弯曲的腿在雪中移动。冬天拖着脚步。没有什么想成长。
"To My Wife" is a simple poem without much to push it out of the ordinary other than the use of rhymes that are semantically associated with each other. "He Contemplates his Celibacy" is more complex. (Anytime you want to understand a poem you should be ready to look up unfamiliar words like "celibacy." That's become ridiculously easy--
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celibacy。）这首诗只有两个完美的押韵，三个斜押韵，还有一个诗节（一组押韵的诗行）完全打破了押韵方案。看看你是否能找到它们。
The "gray air" is associated in the speaker's mind with the winter, the coldness, that he tries to dismiss. He also associates the winter, this time the snow, with unborn children whose potential he feels within him. Then, breaking the rhyme pattern, he shifts to the image of insects. His unborn sons and daughters transform in his mind into offspring that destroy their parent, as some species of insects actually do. The last stanza has a perfect rhyme and a slant rhyme. The speaker insists that there is no buried life waiting to be born. Perhaps unconsciously the speaker's attributing the absence of a wish for life applies to him. Just as the speaker will father no children, so he himself will not grow. If you as a reader associate this denial-of-new-life poem with the winter solstice, to which it runs counter, that is your call. Associations usually need to be stated non-dogmatically, as possible meanings but not necessary ones.
这也许是最常见的现代歌词集
这就是杰克盖的房子。
这就是放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽。
这就是吃掉麦芽的老鼠
放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽。
这就是杀死老鼠的猫
吃掉了放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽的老鼠。
这就是担心猫的狗
杀死了吃掉放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽的老鼠
放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽。
这就是长着卷曲的角的母牛
撞倒了担心猫的狗
杀死了吃掉放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽的老鼠
放在杰克盖的房子里的麦芽。
这就是悲伤的少女
给长着卷曲的角的母牛挤奶
. . .
童谣和累积故事“这就是杰克盖的房子”出现在1887年的一本儿童故事书中。这首诗实际上并没有讲述杰克盖房子的故事，而是展示了房子如何间接地与许多事物和人物联系在一起。据信它可以追溯到16世纪中期，但第一版印刷版是在1755年。“现代？” [[1]]
儿童诗歌是一个很好的起点——一个生活或对诗歌的探索。在上面的诗行中，当你读到“长着卷曲的角的母牛”时，我希望你想要知道这个曲折的故事将走向何方。但看看其他一些东西。“出现在1887年的一本书中”表明诗歌可以把你带到宝贵的过去，你可能必须找到一些你不知道的事情。
“并没有真正讲述杰克盖房子的故事”让你想知道为什么一首名为“这就是杰克盖的房子”的诗歌并没有告诉你关于杰克手艺的事情。答案是诗歌是间接的。19世纪伟大的美国诗人艾米莉·狄金森说：“说出全部的真相，但要斜着说。”这里的“斜着”意味着“间接”。为什么应该是这样呢？部分原因是间接性会引导你到“许多事物和人物”。诗歌通过联想起作用。
让我们看看“杰克盖的房子”。当你大声朗读时，你听到了节奏，无重音和有重音音节交替出现。这首诗主要由一个音节词组成，所以你不用担心，即使你难以将单词分成音节。你听到了“THIS is the HOUSE that JACK BUILT”。当你移动时，你会听到这种一拍和两拍节奏的交替。“THIS is the CAT that KILLED the RAT”——每行都以一个重音、一个拍子开始和结束。
当你大声朗读这首诗时，你还能注意到声音的什么其他特点呢？每行都有一个轻微的停顿，一个“休止”。而且每个休止都出现在“that”这个词之前。这就是我们阅读诗歌的原因之一，因为我们享受各种节奏。我们享受快速节奏突然停顿，然后再次恢复。
你还会听到元音-辅音的音乐。像“cat”和“rat”这样的明显押韵，还有像“malt”和“rat”这样的斜押韵（还记得间接性吗？）。