古英语/连接词
< 古英语
一个连接词（本文缩写为cnj.）是一种连接两个词、句子、短语或从句的词，并表明它们之间的关系。
连接词分为三类：并列连接词、关联连接词和从属连接词。 并列连接词将两个或多个同等重要的项目连接在一起，例如现代英语中的 "and"、"or"、"but" 等。 关联连接词类似于并列连接词，它们也连接两个或多个同等重要的项目，但它们以组的形式工作，例如现代英语中的 "either... or...", "neither... nor...", "both... and..." 等。 从属连接词连接重要性不同的项目，例如现代英语中的 "because"、"although"、"unless" 等。
以下是一些重要的古英语并列连接词
- and - and
- ac - but
- ne - nor
- oþþe - or
这些连接词的使用示例
- Hē ƿæs grēat and hēo ƿæs strang - He was big and she was strong
- Iohannes cƿōm hraðe, ac hē ne cūðe þone yfelan hund findan - John came quickly, but he couldn't find the bad dog
- Ƿit noldon þæt dōn, ne ƿoldon hīe - We two didn't want to do that, nor did they want to
- Þonne þæt mōd ymbe hƿæt tƿēonode, oðþe hit hƿæs ƿilnode tō ƿitanne... - When the mind doubted that, or it wanted to know something...
以下是一些引导从句的连接词
- for þȳ þe/for þȳ/for þǣm þe/for þǣm - because
- sƿā þæt - so that
- þæt, þe, þætte - that (在间接引语中，例如 "He said that she said"；也用于表示期望或想要的效果，如 "I desired that you would come")
- þonne - than (用于比较)
- þēah (þe) - although
这些连接词的使用示例
- Hē ƿolde cƿelan for þȳ þe hē ƿæs sƿīðe earm - He wanted to die because he was so miserable
- Ic dyde þæt sƿā þæt þū ne ƿēpe - I did it so that you wouldn't cry
- Þās hādas sægdon þætte þis land is heora - These people say that this land is theirs
- Iohannes is māra þonne Æðelƿeard - John is greater than Athelward
- Se cniht nolde feohtan þēah þe hē ƿel strang ƿæs - The youth didn't want to fight even though he was quite strong
以下是一些用作关联连接词的词
- ġif(... þonne....) - if(... then...)
- ne... ne... - neither... nor...
- oþþe... oþþe... - either... or...
这些关联连接词的使用示例
- Ġif þū cume, þonne ic þec ofslēa - If you come, I'll kill you
- Ne þæt ƿīf ne hire cild ƿǣron gladu - Neither the woman nor her child were glad
- Oþþe hē oþþe se hund bite þisne pleġan - Either he or the dog bit this toy
请注意，即使是最有学问的古英语作家也毫不犹豫地在句首写 "and"（沃尔夫斯坦在 "对英国人的狼之训诫" 中经常这样做） - 因此完全没问题。（这也意味着，尽管有些人坚持认为在现代英语中这样做是不好的习惯或错误的语法，但这种习惯已经存在了超过一千年）。