修辞学与作文/详细目录
以下是详细目录。
# 1 Contents
* 1.1 The Authors and Editors of this Wiki Book
# 2 The Stages of the Writing Process
# 3 Overview: The Writing Process
* 3.1 Overview
o 3.1.1 Planning and Prewriting
o 3.1.2 Collaborating
o 3.1.3 Researching
o 3.1.4 Drafting
o 3.1.5 Editing
o 3.1.6 Reviewing
o 3.1.7 Revising
o 3.1.8 Publishing
# 4 Planning and Prewriting
* 4.1 Overview of Planning and Prewriting
o 4.1.1 Finding a Topic
o 4.1.2 Discovering Ideas
o 4.1.3 Dealing with Writing Anxiety
o 4.1.4 Determining Your Audience
o 4.1.5 Developing an Outline
* 4.2 Generating ideas
o 4.2.1 Brainstorming
o 4.2.2 Clustering
o 4.2.3 Freewriting
* 4.3 External Links
# 5 Collaborating
* 5.1 What is Collaboration?
* 5.2 Advantages to Collaboration
* 5.3 Disadvantages to Collaboration
o 5.3.1 Disadvantages
o 5.3.2 Overcoming these Disadvantages
* 5.4 Conducting Meetings
* 5.5 Communicating Away from Meetings
* 5.6 Strategies for Effective Collaboration
* 5.7 Practical Guidelines for Good Group Work
* 5.8 An Example of Collaborative Work/Group Conferencing
# 6 Researching
* 6.1 Overview of Research
* 6.2 Determine the Role of Research in Your Writing
* 6.3 Consider Your Audience
* 6.4 Understand How Writers Use Sources
o 6.4.1 Sources Are Other Voices
o 6.4.2 Purposes of Sources
* 6.5 The Credibility of Sources
o 6.5.1 Evaluating Sources
o 6.5.2 Evaluating Print Sources
o 6.5.3 Evaluating Web Sources
o 6.5.4 Consider Your Project
o 6.5.5 Consult ADAM
* 6.6 Finding Scholarly Sources
* 6.7 Cite Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
* 6.8 External Links
# 7 Drafting
* 7.1 Defining Drafting
* 7.2 Drafting: The Process
o 7.2.1 Building Common Ground
o 7.2.2 Let It Flow
o 7.2.3 Experiment
o 7.2.4 Writer's Block?
o 7.2.5 Meeting the Minimum Word Count
o 7.2.6 Title of Your Essay
* 7.3 Sample Draft
* 7.4 Final Drafting Hints
* 7.5 External Links
# 8 Editing
* 8.1 Editing and Revising: One in the Same?
* 8.2 Editing Checklist
* 8.3 Sentence Structure
* 8.4 Editing Tips
* 8.5 Perspectives on Style
o 8.5.1 Richard Lanham on Prose Styles
* 8.6 External Links
# 9 Reviewing
* 9.1 Overview of Reviewing
* 9.2 Establishing Criteria
* 9.3 Writing Helpful Comments
* 9.4 Responding to Criticism
* 9.5 Peer Review Sample
* 9.6 Peer Review Sample 2
* 9.7 External Links
# 10 Revising
* 10.1 Overview of Revising
* 10.2 Differences Between Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
* 10.3 A Change for the Better
* 10.4 Analyze Each Part of Your Paper
o 10.4.1 Introductions
o 10.4.2 Thesis Statements
o 10.4.3 Position
o 10.4.4 Scope
o 10.4.5 Body Paragraphs
o 10.4.6 Conclusions
* 10.5 Before and After Revision Examples
o 10.5.1 Example Before Revision
o 10.5.2 Example After Revision
o 10.5.3 Notes
* 10.6 External Links
# 11 Publishing
* 11.1 Overview of Publishing
o 11.1.1 Types of Publication
o 11.1.2 Know Your Rights
o 11.1.3 The Writer's Market
* 11.2 Tips for Getting Published
* 11.3 External Links
# 12 Writing Applications
# 13 Overview of Writing Applications
* 13.1 Overview
o 13.1.1 How to analyze an assignment
o 13.1.2 Description
o 13.1.3 Narration
o 13.1.4 Exposition
o 13.1.5 Evaluation
o 13.1.6 Argumentation
# 14 Analyzing Assignments
* 14.1 Snowflakes, Fingerprints, and Assignments
* 14.2 Analyzing an Assignment
* 14.3 Sample Assignments
o 14.3.1 Research Paper
o 14.3.2 Short Story Paper
o 14.3.3 Cover Letter Paper
o 14.3.4 Poetry Assignment
o 14.3.5 Summary/Response Paper
* 14.4 A List of Basic Poetic Terms
* 14.5 Identify Key Words in Assignments
# 15 Description
* 15.1 Genre Analysis, Genre and Composition
* 15.2 What is Description?
* 15.3 Why Write a Descriptive Essay?
* 15.4 Abstract Descriptions Versus Concrete Descriptions
o 15.4.1 Abstract Descriptions
o 15.4.2 Concrete Descriptions
* 15.5 How to Write Description
o 15.5.1 Thesis
o 15.5.2 Sensory Words
+ 15.5.2.1 Examples of Sound Imagery
+ 15.5.2.2 Examples of Smell Imagery
+ 15.5.2.3 Examples of Touch Imagery
+ 15.5.2.4 Example of Visual Imagery
+ 15.5.2.5 Examples of Taste Imagery
o 15.5.3 Order
o 15.5.4 Audience
o 15.5.5 Introduction
o 15.5.6 Body
o 15.5.7 Conclusion
* 15.6 A Second Sample Descriptive Essay
o 15.6.1 First Draft
o 15.6.2 Second Draft
* 15.7 External Links
# 16 Narration
* 16.1 What is Narration?
* 16.2 Forms
* 16.3 Elements
* 16.4 Classical Arrangement
* 16.5 Modern Practice
* 16.6 Student Essay
* 16.7 Revision Hints
* 16.8 External Links
# 17 Exposition
* 17.1 What is Exposition Writing?
o 17.1.1 Types of Exposition
o 17.1.2 Where Do I Begin?
+ 17.1.2.1 Find a Topic and Research
# 17.1.2.1.1 Thesis
+ 17.1.2.2 Create a Sketchy Outline
+ 17.1.2.3 Start Writing
* 17.2 Structure
o 17.2.1 Introduction
o 17.2.2 Body
o 17.2.3 Conclusion
* 17.3 Sample Exposition Assignments
* 17.4 Sample Exposition Essay
o 17.4.1 Why Is This Good?
* 17.5 External Links
# 18 Evaluation
* 18.1 Criteria
* 18.2 How to Evaluate
* 18.3 Structure of the Essay
o 18.3.1 Introduction
o 18.3.2 Conclusion
* 18.4 Sample Evaluation Essay
* 18.5 Sample Assignments
* 18.6 External Links
# 19 Argument
* 19.1 What is An Argument?
* 19.2 Basic Argument Essay Structure
o 19.2.1 Introduction
* 19.3 Body
o 19.3.1 Background Information
o 19.3.2 Developing Your Argument
+ 19.3.2.1 Position Method
+ 19.3.2.2 Proposal Method
o 19.3.3 Dealing With the Opposition
* 19.4 Conclusion
* 19.5 Strengthening Your Argument
o 19.5.1 Phrasing
o 19.5.2 Objective Language
* 19.6 Sample Essay
* 19.7 The Fallacies of Argument
* 19.8 A Side Note
* 19.9 Further Reading
* 19.10 External Links
# 20 Advanced Topics
# 21 Overview of Advanced Topics
* 21.1 Overview: Advanced Topics
o 21.1.1 Writing in the Humanities
o 21.1.2 Writing in the Sciences
o 21.1.3 Writing in Business
# 22 Writing in the Humanities
* 22.1 Introduction
* 22.2 Categories of Humanities Writing
o 22.2.1 Theoretical Writing
o 22.2.2 Creative Writing
o 22.2.3 Interpretive and Analytical Writing
+ 22.2.3.1 Interpretive Writing
+ 22.2.3.2 Analytical Writing
+ 22.2.3.3 Analyzing and Interpreting Literature
o 22.2.4 Research Papers and Term Papers
* 22.3 Elements of the Humanities Paper
o 22.3.1 Introduction
o 22.3.2 Thesis Statement
o 22.3.3 Body
o 22.3.4 Conclusion
o 22.3.5 Argumentative Research Papers
o 22.3.6 Plagiarism
* 22.4 Resources To Use
* 22.5 External Links
# 23 Writing in the Sciences
* 23.1 Introduction
* 23.2 Social Sciences
o 23.2.1 Psychology
o 23.2.2 Anthropology
o 23.2.3 Political Science
o 23.2.4 Sociology
o 23.2.5 Education
o 23.2.6 Economics
o 23.2.7 Elements of the Social Sciences Paper
o 23.2.8 Resources to Use
* 23.3 Natural Sciences
o 23.3.1 Elements of the Natural Sciences Paper
o 23.3.2 Resources to Use
o 23.3.3 Acronyms and Abbreviations
* 23.4 External Links
# 24 Writing in Business
* 24.1 Purpose of Business Writing
* 24.2 Audience
* 24.3 Deadlines
* 24.4 Memos and E-mails
o 24.4.1 Memos
o 24.4.2 E-mails
* 24.5 Cover Letters and Resumes
o 24.5.1 Cover Letters
+ 24.5.1.1 Cover Letter Example
o 24.5.2 Resumes
+ 24.5.2.1 Resume Examples
* 24.6 Follow up or Thank you letters
o 24.6.1 Thank you letter example
* 24.7 Other business letters
* 24.8 Proposals, Business Plans and Formal Reports
o 24.8.1 Considerations
o 24.8.2 Readers
o 24.8.3 What is included in a proposal?
o 24.8.4 Some tips to consider while writing your proposal...
* 24.9 External Links
# 25 Oral Presentations
* 25.1 Introduction
o 25.1.1 Preparation
o 25.1.2 Ways of Beginning a Speech
* 25.2 Methods of Presenting Your Speech
o 25.2.1 Manuscript Speaking
o 25.2.2 Memorized Speaking
o 25.2.3 Extemporaneous Speaking
* 25.3 Do's and Don'ts
o 25.3.1 Dress Code
o 25.3.2 Delivering The Message
* 25.4 Conclusion
o 25.4.1 Ways of Ending a Speech
o 25.4.2 Thank Your Audience
* 25.5 External Links
# 26 Writer's Handbook
# 27 Contents
# 28 Understanding Grammar
# 29 What is Grammar?
* 29.1 What is Grammar?
# 30 Parts of Speech
* 30.1 Nouns
o 30.1.1 Determiners
o 30.1.2 Articles
o 30.1.3 Using a and an
o 30.1.4 Singular and Plural
o 30.1.5 Possession
* 30.2 Pronouns
* 30.3 Verbs
o 30.3.1 Principle Parts
o 30.3.2 Subject-Verb Agreement
* 30.4 Adjectives
* 30.5 Adjectival Phrase
* 30.6 Adverbs
o 30.6.1 Difference between adverbs and adjectives
o 30.6.2 Forming adverbs
o 30.6.3 Placement
* 30.7 Conjunctions
* 30.8 Prepositions
* 30.9 Interjections
* 30.10 Active vs. Passive Voice
* 30.11 Types of Sentences
* 30.12 Tag Question
* 30.13 Wh-Question
* 30.14 Clauses
* 30.15 Partitive
* 30.16 Collective
o 30.16.1 Phrasal Verb
# 31 Sentences
* 31.1 Sentence Structure
o 31.1.1 Independent clause
o 31.1.2 Subordinate clause
o 31.1.3 Complement Clause
o 31.1.4 The Relative Clause
o 31.1.5 Examples
* 31.2 Sentence Purpose
# 32 Active and Passive Voice
* 32.1 Voice in English Writing
* 32.2 Active and Passive Voice Sentences
* 32.3 Use of Passive Voice
* 32.4 The Structural Difference
* 32.5 A Note on the Passive Voice
# 33 Understanding Mechanics
# 34 Mechanics
* 34.1 What is Mechanics?
# 35 Punctuation
* 35.1 What Is Punctuation For?
* 35.2 Is It Worth the Work?
* 35.3 What's With All the Jargon?
o 35.3.1 OK, which terms do I need to know?
+ 35.3.1.1 Independent clause
+ 35.3.1.2 Dependent clause
+ 35.3.1.3 Coordinating conjunctions
+ 35.3.1.4 Conjunctive adverbs
o 35.3.2 Uses of "That"
# 36 Commas
* 36.1 What Do Commas Do?
* 36.2 Commas with two independent clauses
o 36.2.1 The formula
o 36.2.2 Errors
* 36.3 Commas with introductory words and phrases
o 36.3.1 Introductory Words
o 36.3.2 Introductory Phrases
* 36.4 Commas with cumulative clauses
* 36.5 Commas and dependent clauses
o 36.5.1 The formula
o 36.5.2 Errors
* 36.6 Commas and restrictive modifiers
* 36.7 Commas and parenthetical elements
* 36.8 Commas with multiple adjectives
* 36.9 Commas with quotations
* 36.10 Commas in a list
* 36.11 Commas in dates, numbers, personal titles, and addresses
# 37 Semicolons
* 37.1 Use
* 37.2 Common Misuses
# 38 Colons
* 38.1 Use
* 38.2 Common Misuses
# 39 Apostrophes
* 39.1 Use
* 39.2 Common Misuses
# 40 Quotation Marks
* 40.1 Use
* 40.2 Using quoted material within your own writing
# 41 Hyphens and Dashes
* 41.1 Dash
* 41.2 Width Difference
* 41.3 Hyphen
# 42 Parentheses
* 42.1 What Do Parentheses Do?
# 43 Capitalization
* 43.1 Basic Principles
# 44 Common Errors
# 45 Know your patterns
# 46 Homonyms
* 46.1 Affect, Effect
* 46.2 Afterward, Afterwards, Afterword
* 46.3 Aid, Aide
* 46.4 It's, Its
* 46.5 Lay, Lie
* 46.6 To, Too, Two
# 47 Lack of agreement between subject and verb
* 47.1 Examples
* 47.2 What is subject-verb agreement?
* 47.3 Examples
* 47.4 Other guidelines
# 48 Lack of agreement between noun and pronoun
* 48.1 Rules
* 48.2 Examples
# 49 Missing commas after introductory element
# 50 Sentence fragment
# 51 Missing or misplaced apostrophe
# 52 Unnecessary tense shift
* 52.1 What is a tense shift?
* 52.2 Examples of confusing tense shifts
# 53 Run-on sentence
* 53.1 What is a run-on sentence?
* 53.2 Examples of run-on sentences
* 53.3 Fixing run-on sentences
* 53.4 Examples of fixed run-on sentences
* 53.5 Fused Sentences
# 54 Disruptive comma
# 55 Dangling modifier
* 55.1 What is a dangling modifier?
* 55.2 Examples
# 56 Citing Sources
# 57 Citation
* 57.1 Overview of Citation
o 57.1.1 Making a thesis
* 57.2 Citing outside sources
o 57.2.1 Parenthetical Citations
+ 57.2.1.1 Parenthetical (or In-Text) Citation Example
+ 57.2.1.2 How to Cite Your Outside Sources
o 57.2.2 Works Cited Example
# 58 Plagiarism
* 58.1 Overview of Plagiarism
* 58.2 Examples of Plagiarism
o 58.2.1 Rules to Avoid Plagiarism