如果将 z 替换为其共轭复数的负倒数,
则 z 的函数 g1、g2 和 g3 不会改变。
令 g1′ 由将 g1 中的 z 替换为
得到。
- 则我们得到

- 将分子和分母都乘以


- 将分子和分母都乘以 -1,

- 对于任何复数 z 和任何整数幂 n,一般情况下有

- 因此

因此,
,因为对于任何复数 z,

令 g2′ 由 g2 将 z 替换为
获得。那么我们得到




因此
,因为对于任何复数 *z*,

令 *g3′* 由 *g3* 通过用
替换 *z* 而得到。那么我们得到




因此
Q.E.D.
Boy's surface 具有 3 重 对称性。这意味着它有一个离散旋转对称轴:绕该轴旋转 120° 不会改变表面外观。Boy's surface 可以被分割成三个相互 全等 的部分。
本证明将使用两个复代数恒等式:设 *U* 和 *V* 为复数,则


给定 Boy's surface 上一点 *P(z)*,其复参数 *z* 在 复平面 中的单位圆内,我们将证明,绕复平面 原点 将参数 *z* 旋转 120° 等效于绕 *Z* 轴将 Boy's surface 旋转 120°(仍然使用上面给出的 R. Bryant 参数方程)。
设

为参数 *z* 的 旋转。然后“原始”(未缩放)坐标 *g1*、*g2* 和 *g3* 将分别转换为 *g′1*、*g′2* 和 *g′3*。
将 *z′* 代入 *g3(z)* 中的 *z*,得到


由于
因此

因此
这意味着旋转对称轴将平行于 *Z* 轴。
将 *z′* 代入 *g1(z)* 中的 *z*,得到

注意到 

然后,令
在分母中得到

现在,应用复数代数恒等式,并令

我们得到
![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (e^{i2\pi /3}-z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (e^{i2\pi /3}-z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64ddc457f89de8d2e3b4f3c4e8689ad8559447f0)
实部
和虚部
关于加法是 分配的,


根据 欧拉公式,所以
![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left(\cos {2\pi \over 3}-\mathrm {Re} (z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right)+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left(\sin {2\pi \over 3}-\mathrm {Im} (z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right)\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a75caf9d08222ef7db660ad6a3af1ffb1b19b87a)
再次应用复数代数恒等式,并将
简化为 -1/2,
简化为
会得到
![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left(-{1 \over 2}-[\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\mathrm {Re} (e^{-i2\pi /3})-\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\mathrm {Im} (e^{-i2\pi /3})]\right)+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left({{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}-[\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\mathrm {Re} (e^{-i2\pi /3})+\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\mathrm {Im} (e^{-i2\pi /3})]\right)\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e094e3684fdafbf02d71b5b2f364ae7c33e0a366)
简化常数,
![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left(-{1 \over 2}-\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right]\right)+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left({{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}-\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\right]\right)\right],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45f95262c48e5b4d8e1fb9295929a3b588ea39d4)

![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0bb49fb22814d6e3c4c6c64fd35e121a80b0a522)
将复数代数恒等式应用于原始的 g1,得到
![{\displaystyle g_{1}=-{3 \over 2}[\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (1-z^{4})+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (1-z^{4})],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/80133e0ee3eb4dc621ad7e9434f01f83581072a3)
![{\displaystyle g_{1}=-{3 \over 2}[\mathrm {Im} (z'')(1-\mathrm {Re} (z^{4}))+\mathrm {Re} (z'')(-\mathrm {Im} (z^{4}))],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73689f32857bd77ded3a212b8be1a94190b0040c)
![{\displaystyle g_{1}=-{3 \over 2}[\mathrm {Im} (z'')-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7423974f8904a20568735abce4701dd63b536d2f)
在 g2(z) 中用 z′ 代替 z,得到

简化指数,

现在将复数代数恒等式应用于 g′2,得到
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (e^{i2\pi /3}+z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (e^{i2\pi /3}+z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/790a2a00eda67d18ad2d98bc277d2a757c36e033)
将
分配到加法运算中,并简化常数,
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left(-{1 \over 2}+\mathrm {Re} (z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right)-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left({{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}+\mathrm {Im} (z^{4}e^{-i2\pi /3})\right)\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60a5f940997fe5e36745ddea82f9832e2554b442)
再次应用复数代数恒等式,
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left(-{1 \over 2}+\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\mathrm {Re} (e^{-i2\pi /3})-\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\mathrm {Im} (e^{-i2\pi \over 3})\right)-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left({{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}+\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\mathrm {Re} (e^{-i2\pi /3})+\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\mathrm {Im} (e^{-i2\pi /3})\right)\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0191d31b2f4d8d75df6b8761cb5a8df325573790)
简化常数,
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')\left(-{1 \over 2}-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right)-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\left({{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right)\right],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d610a8f9a991a5eb81e6a533b4d5780468c9020)
然后根据加法分配律展开,
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09aaa064f48fafb2a654719b612c32c7efbc703e)
将复数代数恒等式应用于原始的 g2 得到

![{\displaystyle g_{2}=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')(1+\mathrm {Re} (z^{4}))-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdda93c035e68eba4f3ea2503902bd5ee6c7e834)
![{\displaystyle g_{2}=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/033f29ec3e1b149ccd89cd079c358d3f04a526d4)
预旋转点的原始坐标为
![{\displaystyle g_{1}=-{3 \over 2}[\mathrm {Im} (z'')-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44cd0e094efe85729029ac422b4407a9d020d198)
![{\displaystyle g_{2}=-{3 \over 2}\left[\mathrm {Re} (z'')+\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8135e27fd4cc4004c2840f97cbcebf150e9f687)
而旋转后的原始坐标为
![{\displaystyle g_{1}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})\right],}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/673939576e991f607d5df49b1a9a5f39d940404b)
![{\displaystyle g_{2}'=-{3 \over 2}\left[-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')-{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Re} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})-{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')+{{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Re} (z^{4})+{1 \over 2}\mathrm {Im} (z'')\mathrm {Im} (z^{4})\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09aaa064f48fafb2a654719b612c32c7efbc703e)
比较这四个坐标,我们可以验证


用矩阵形式表达,可以表示为

因此,在复平面上将z旋转120°至z′ 等同于将P(z)绕Z轴旋转-120°至P(z′)。这意味着男孩曲面具有三倍对称性,quod erat demonstrandum。