福岛事故之后：印度角核电站何去何从？/辐射致癌

辐射致癌可能发生在电离辐射暴露后，潜伏期平均为 20 至 40 年。^[1]^[2] 各种恶性肿瘤都可能发展，最常见的是基底细胞癌，其次是鳞状细胞癌。^[1]^[3]^[4] 风险升高仅限于辐射暴露部位。^[5] 一些研究也表明，黑色素瘤和电离辐射暴露之间可能存在因果关系。^[6] 暴露于低水平辐射所带来的致癌风险程度存在争议，但现有证据表明，风险增加与接收到的剂量大致成正比。^[7] 放射科医生和放射技术员是最早接触辐射的职业群体之一。1902 年，对最早的放射科医生的观察，导致了人们认识到辐射引起的皮肤癌，这是第一个与辐射相关的实体瘤。^[8] 虽然过去由医疗电离辐射引起的皮肤癌发生率更高，但也有一些证据表明，最近的医疗辐射工作者中某些癌症（特别是皮肤癌）的风险可能有所增加，这可能与特定的或不断变化的放射学操作有关。^[8] 现有证据表明，皮肤癌的过量风险在接受照射后至少持续 45 年。^[9]

参考资料

↑ ^a ^b James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Gawkrodger DJ (2004). "Occupational skin cancers". Occup Med (Lond). 54 (7): 458–63. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh098. PMID 15486177. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hurko O, Provost TT (1999). "Neurology and the skin". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 (4): 417–30. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.4.417. PMC 1736315. PMID 10201411. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Suárez B, López-Abente G, Martínez C; et al. (2007). "Occupation and skin cancer: the results of the HELIOS-I multicenter case-control study". BMC Public Health. 7: 180. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-180. PMC 1994683. PMID 17655745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Lichter, et al. "Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group." Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):1007-11.
↑ Fink CA, Bates MN (2005). "Melanoma and ionizing radiation: is there a causal relationship?". Radiat. Res. 164 (5): 701–10. doi:10.1667/RR3447.1. PMID 16238450. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Wakeford R (2004). "The cancer epidemiology of radiation". Oncogene. 23 (38): 6404–28. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207896. PMID 15322514. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^a ^b Yoshinaga S, Mabuchi K, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Ron E (2004). "放射科医生和放射技术人员的癌症风险：流行病学研究综述". 放射学. 233 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1148/radiol.2332031119. PMID 15375227. {{cite journal}}: 未知参数 |month= 被忽略 (帮助)CS1 maint: 多个名称：作者列表 (链接)
↑ Shore RE (2001). "人类辐射引起的皮肤癌". Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (5): 549–54. doi:10.1002/mpo.1128. PMID 11340610. {{cite journal}}: 未知参数 |month= 被忽略 (帮助)

[Andrews-1] James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid15486177-2] Gawkrodger DJ (2004). "Occupational skin cancers". Occup Med (Lond). 54 (7): 458–63. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh098. PMID 15486177. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid10201411-3] Hurko O, Provost TT (1999). "Neurology and the skin". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 (4): 417–30. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.4.417. PMC 1736315. PMID 10201411. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid17655745-4] Suárez B, López-Abente G, Martínez C; et al. (2007). "Occupation and skin cancer: the results of the HELIOS-I multicenter case-control study". BMC Public Health. 7: 180. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-180. PMC 1994683. PMID 17655745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Lichter, et al. "Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group." Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):1007-11.

[pmid16238450-6] Fink CA, Bates MN (2005). "Melanoma and ionizing radiation: is there a causal relationship?". Radiat. Res. 164 (5): 701–10. doi:10.1667/RR3447.1. PMID 16238450. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid15322514-7] Wakeford R (2004). "The cancer epidemiology of radiation". Oncogene. 23 (38): 6404–28. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207896. PMID 15322514. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid15375227-8] Yoshinaga S, Mabuchi K, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Ron E (2004). "放射科医生和放射技术人员的癌症风险：流行病学研究综述". 放射学. 233 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1148/radiol.2332031119. PMID 15375227. {{cite journal}}: 未知参数 |month= 被忽略 (帮助)CS1 maint: 多个名称：作者列表 (链接)

[pmid11340610-9] Shore RE (2001). "人类辐射引起的皮肤癌". Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (5): 549–54. doi:10.1002/mpo.1128. PMID 11340610. {{cite journal}}: 未知参数 |month= 被忽略 (帮助)