一般拓扑/覆盖空间

定义（覆盖空间）:

令$X$是一个拓扑空间。另一个拓扑空间${\tilde {X}}$称为$X$的**覆盖空间**当且仅当${\tilde {X}}$伴随着一个连续函数$\pi :{\tilde {X}}\to X$，满足以下条件

• 对于每个$x\in X$，存在$x$的一个邻域$U$，使得$\pi ^{-1}(U)$是开子集$(V_{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A}$的不交并，使得对于所有的$\alpha \in A$，函数$\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}$是$V_{\alpha }$到$U$的一个同胚。

定义（覆盖映射）:

令 ${\tilde {X}}$ 为拓扑空间 $X$ 的覆盖空间，并令 $\pi :{\tilde {X}}\to X$ 为与其相关的连续映射。则 $\pi$ 被称为覆盖空间 ${\tilde {X}}$ 的覆盖映射。

注意，更正式地说，可以将覆盖空间定义为对 $({\tilde {X}},\pi )$，其中 $\pi$ 是属于覆盖空间的覆盖映射；实际上，如果 $\pi$ 未指定，则可能存在多个覆盖映射。但与群运算一样，为了简洁起见，我们大多会省略 $\pi$ 的符号。

定义（均匀覆盖邻域）:

令 $X$ 为拓扑空间，并令 ${\tilde {X}}$ 为 $X$ 的覆盖空间，其中 $\pi :{\tilde {X}}\to X$ 为覆盖映射。令 $x\in X$。覆盖空间定义保证的集合 $U$ （使得 $\pi$ 限制在原像的适当子集上是同胚）被称为 $x$ 的均匀覆盖邻域。

定义（提升）:

设 $Z,X$ 是拓扑空间，设 $f:Z\to X$ 是一个连续函数。如果 ${\tilde {X}}$ 是 $X$ 的覆盖空间，那么 $f$ 到 ${\tilde {X}}$ 的提升是一个连续函数 ${\tilde {f}}:Z\to {\tilde {X}}$，使得当 $\pi$ 是属于 ${\tilde {X}}$ 的覆盖映射时，$\pi \circ {\tilde {f}}=f$.

当要提升的函数的定义域是连通的，那么提升在某种意义上是唯一的

命题（连通定义域的映射的唯一提升）:

设 $f:Z\to X$ 是拓扑空间 $Z,X$ 之间的连续函数，其中 $Z$ 是连通的，并假设 ${\tilde {X}}$ 是 $X$ 的覆盖空间。那么如果 $f$ 的两个提升 ${\tilde {f}}_{1},{\tilde {f}}_{2}:Z\to {\tilde {X}}$ 在一个点 $z_{0}\in Z$ 处重合，那么它们相等。

Proof: Let $S\subseteq Z$ be the set on which ${\tilde {f}}_{1}$ and ${\tilde {f}}_{2}$ agree. Since ${\tilde {f}}_{1}$ adn ${\tilde {f}}_{2}$ agree on $z_{0}$, $S$ is nonempty. Further, if $z\in S$, set $x:=f(z)$ and let $U$ be an evenly covered neighbourhood of $x$. Let $V_{\alpha }$ be the disjointed component in which ${\tilde {x}}:={\tilde {f}}_{1}(z)={\tilde {f}}_{2}(z)$ lies, so that $\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}$ is a homeomorphism between $V_{\alpha }$ and $U$. Then define $W:={\tilde {f}}_{1}^{-1}(V_{\alpha })\cap {\tilde {f}}_{2}^{-1}(V_{\alpha })$, both of which are open since ${\tilde {f}}_{1}$, ${\tilde {f}}_{2}$ are continuous. We claim that in fact ${\tilde {f}}_{1}={\tilde {f}}_{2}$ on $W$; indeed, we may note that $\pi \circ {\tilde {f}}_{1}=\pi \circ {\tilde {f}}_{2}=f$ implies that $\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}\circ {\tilde {f}}_{1}|_{W}=\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}\circ {\tilde {f}}_{2}|_{W}$, from which identity of ${\tilde {f}}_{1},{\tilde {f}}_{2}$ follows upon composing on the left with $\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}^{-1}$. We conclude that $S$ is open. However, suppose that $z\notin S$, suppose that $U$ is an evenly covered neighbourhood of $f(z)$ and let $V_{\alpha }$ respectively $V_{\beta }$ be the (disjoint) components of $\pi ^{-1}(V)$, so that $\pi |_{V_{\alpha }}$ and $\pi |_{V_{\beta }}$ are homeomorphisms. Then define $W:={\tilde {f}}_{1}^{-1}(V_{\alpha })\cap {\tilde {f}}_{2}^{-1}(V_{\beta })$. Whenever $z\in W$, we will have ${\tilde {f}}_{1}(w)\in V_{\alpha }$ and ${\tilde {f}}_{2}(w)\in V_{\beta }$, so that on $W$ the functions ${\tilde {f}}_{1}$ and ${\tilde {f}}_{2}$ disagree on every point. Thus, we get that $Z\setminus S$ is open, so that $S$ is open and closed, and since $Z$ is connected, $S=Z$. $\Box$

命题（提升路径）:

令 $X$ 为拓扑空间，令 $\gamma :[0,1]\to X$ 为一条路径，并令 ${\tilde {X}}$（以及一个合适的覆盖映射 $\pi$）为 $X$ 的覆盖空间。令 $x:=\gamma (0)\in X$。那么对于每个 ${\tilde {x}}\in \pi ^{-1}(x)$，存在唯一的曲线 ${\tilde {\gamma }}:[0,1]\to {\tilde {X}}$ 使得 $\pi \circ {\tilde {\gamma }}=\gamma$。

证明：注意 $[0,1]$ 是紧致的。对于每个 $x\in \gamma ([0,1])$，选择 $x$ 的一个均匀覆盖邻域 $U_{x}$。由于 $[0,1]$ 是紧致的，定义 $V_{x}:=\gamma ^{-1}(U_{x})$ 然后将每个 $V_{x}$ 写成

$V_{x}=\bigcup _{\beta \in B_{x}}W_{\beta }$

where the $W_{\beta }$ are intervals (note that the intervals form a basis of the Euclidean topology) and then considering the open cover $(W_{\beta })_{\beta \in \cup _{x}B_{x}}$, we may pick a finite number of intervals $W_{1},\ldots ,W_{n}$ which cover $[0,1]$ and whose images via $\gamma$ are evenly covered. We assume that the intervals $W_{1},\ldots ,W_{n}$ are ordered increasingly according to their starting points. Now we define ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ successively on these intervals. For $t\in W_{1}$, we note that $\gamma (W_{1})$ is evenly covered and contains $x$. Suppose that $U$ is an evenly covered neighbourhood of $\gamma (W_{1})$, and let $(V_{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A}$ be the components of $\pi ^{-1}(U)$ so that $\pi$ restricts to a homeomorphism on them. Let $\alpha _{0}\in A$ so that ${\tilde {x}}\in V_{\alpha _{0}}$. Then define ${\tilde {\gamma }}(t):=\pi |_{V_{\alpha _{0}}}^{-1}\circ \gamma (t)$ for $t\in W_{1}$ and observe that ${\tilde {\gamma }}(0)={\tilde {x}}$, since $\pi ({\tilde {x}})=\pi ({\tilde {\gamma }}(0))=\gamma (0)=x$ and ${\tilde {\gamma }}(0)$ and ${\tilde {x}}$ are both in $V_{\alpha _{0}}$. (Note that a homeomorphism is in particular bijective and that the definition of ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ is independent of the choice of interval, therefore ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ is well defined even on the intersection $W_{i}\cap W_{i+1}$.) Proceed similarly for the ensuing intervals $W_{2},\ldots ,W_{n}$. Then ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ will be continuous on all intervals of the form $[a_{j-1},a_{j}]$, where $a_{j-1}$ is the beginning point of $W_{j}$ and $a_{n}=1$, since the interval $[a_{j-1},a_{j}]$ is contained in $W_{j}$. Hence, since a function which is continuous on two closed sets is continuous on their union, we obtain that ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ is continuous on $[a_{0},a_{2}]$, then on $[a_{0},a_{3}]$, and so on, and finally on $[a_{0},a_{n}]=[0,1]$. ${\tilde {\gamma }}$ is then the desired lift, and it is unique since maps of connected domain lift uniquely. $\Box$

命题（提升同伦）:

令 $Z,X$ 为拓扑空间，并令 $H:[0,1]\times Z\to X$ 为一个连续函数。假设 ${\tilde {X}}$ 是 $X$ 的覆盖空间，并且我们给定了一个函数 $H_{0}:Z\to X$ 的提升 ${\tilde {H}}_{0}:Z\to {\tilde {X}}$，该函数由 $H_{0}(z):=H(0,z)$ 定义。然后存在一个唯一的连续函数 ${\tilde {H}}:[0,1]\times Z\to X$ 使得一方面对于所有 $z\in Z$，有 ${\tilde {H}}_{0}(z)={\tilde {H}}(0,z)$，并且进一步 $\pi \circ {\tilde {H}}=H$。

Proof: For each $z\in Z$, $\gamma _{z}(t):=H(t,z)$ lifts uniquely to a path ${\tilde {\gamma }}_{z}$ so that ${\tilde {\gamma }}_{z}(0)={\tilde {H}}(0,z)$. Define ${\tilde {H}}(t,z):=\gamma _{z}(t)$. Obviously, $\pi \circ {\tilde {H}}=H$, and further, we claim that ${\tilde {H}}$ is continuous. Let $(t,z)\in [0,1]\times Z$ be arbitrary. Let $U\subseteq X$ be an evenly covered neighbourhood of $H(t,x)$; then $\pi \upharpoonright _{U}$ is a homeomorphism that has a continuous inverse $(\pi \upharpoonright _{U})^{-1}$. Now by definition of the product topology, take $W\subseteq Z$ open and $\epsilon >0$ so that $(t-\epsilon ,t+\epsilon )\times W\subseteq H^{-1}(U)$. By uniqueness of path lifting, we have ${\tilde {H}}=(\pi \upharpoonright _{U})^{-1}\circ H$ on $(t-\epsilon ,t+\epsilon )\times W$, which is continuous. We conclude that ${\tilde {H}}$ is continuous, since it is continuous in an open set about an arbitrary point. $\Box$