印度公务员考试手册/治理中的廉洁
治理中的廉洁是高效、有效治理体系和社会经济发展的必要条件。确保治理廉洁的重要前提是杜绝腐败。其他要求包括有效的法律、规则和法规，涵盖公共生活的所有方面，更重要的是，这些法律的有效和公正实施等。事实上，对法律的适当、公平和有效执行是纪律的一个方面。不幸的是，对印度来说，纪律正在迅速从公共生活中消失，没有纪律，正如斯堪的纳维亚经济学家和社会学家冈纳·默达尔所指出的那样，不可能实现真正的进步。纪律意味着除其他外，公共和私人道德以及诚信意识。而在西方，一个升迁到更高职位的人会更加尊重法律，但在我们国家却恰恰相反。在这里，拥有高位的人的标志是可以轻松无视法律法规。我们正被一种不守纪律和不诚实的文化所吞噬；公共和私人的道德都处于高价位。
Menace of corruption in public life : Corruption is an abuse of public resources or position in public life for private gain. The scope for corruption increases when control on the public administrators is fragile and the division of power between political, executive and bureaucracy is ambiguous. Political corruption which is sometimes inseparable from bureaucratic corruption tends to be more widespread in authoritarian regimes where the public opinion and the Press are unable to denounce corruption.
然而，印度的悖论是，尽管有警惕的媒体和舆论，腐败程度却非常高。这可能归因于受贿者完全麻木不仁、缺乏羞耻感和缺乏公共道德意识。事实上，他们以同样的热情和厚颜无耻地佩戴着自己的腐败和无耻的徽章。国家干预经济和社会生活的机会增加，极大地增加了政治和官僚腐败的机会，尤其是在政治也专业化的背景下。我们有全职的职业政治家，即使在卸任后也是如此。恐怖主义、毒品、走私和政客之间似乎存在着一种联系，这一点在沃赫拉委员会报告中得到强调。
Corruption has flourished because one does not see adequately successful examples of effectively prosecuted cases of corruption. Cases, poorly founded upon, half-hearted and incomplete investigation, followed by a tardy and delayed trial confluence a morally ill-deserved but a legally inevitable acquittal. The acceptance of corruption as an inexorable reality has led to silent reconciliation and resignation to such wrongs. There needs to be a vital stimulation in the social consciousness of our citizens – that is neither has a place in the personal nor social.
的确，目前将国家从它本不应该进入的或无法有效运作的各个领域撤出的过程可能会在一定程度上减少腐败的机会，但即使我们转向自由市场经济，也必须对经济进行监管，而不是对工业活动进行限制。治理的要求仍将要求签订合同、采购等等。
The Scandinavian economist-sociologist, Gunnyar Myrdal, had described the Indian society as a ‘soft society’. He also clarified what the expression ‘soft society’ means. According to him, a soft society is: (a) one which does not have the political will to enact the laws necessary for its progress and development and/or does not possess the political will to implement the laws, even when made, and (b) where there is no discipline. In fact, he has stressed the second aspect more than the first. According to him, if there is no discipline in the society, no real or meaningful development or progress is possible. It is the lack of discipline in the society - which expression includes the administration and structures of governance at all levels - that is contributing to corruption. Corruption and indiscipline feed upon each other. One way of instilling the discipline among the society may be to reduce the chances of corruption and to deal with it sternly and mercilessly wherever it is found. For this purpose, the inadequacies in the criminal judicial system have to be redressed. Corruption is also anti-poor. Take, for example, the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the welfare schemes for the poor including Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). It is well-known that a substantial portion of grain, sugar and kerosene oil meant for PDS goes into black-market and that hardly 16% of the funds meant for STs and SCs reach them – all the rest is misappropriated by some of the members of the political and official class and unscrupulous dealers and businessmen.
著名的经济学家、已故的马赫布·乌尔·哈克简洁而深刻地阐述了腐败在我们这样的南亚国家所带来的恶劣影响。他说：
“Corruption happens everywhere. It has been at the center of election campaigns in Italy and the United Kingdom, led to the fall of governments in Japan and Indonesia, and resulted in legislative action in Russia and the United States. But, if corruption exists in rich, economically successful countries, why should South Asia be worried about it? The answer is simple: South Asian corruption has four key characteristics that make it far more damaging than corruption in any other parts of the world.
首先，南亚的腐败发生在上游，而不是下游。顶层的腐败扭曲了关于发展优先事项、政策和项目的根本决策。在工业化国家，这些核心决策是通过透明的竞争和择优录取的方式做出的，尽管下游可能会出现轻微的腐败。
其次，南亚的腐败资金有翅膀，没有轮子。该地区获得的大部分腐败收益立即被走私到国外的安全港口。第三，南亚的腐败往往导致晋升，而不是入狱。大鱼——除非它们属于反对派——很少被煎。第四，南亚的腐败发生在 5.15 亿人贫困的情况下，而不是人均收入超过 2 万美元的情况下。在维尼特·纳林诉印度联邦案（AIR 1998）中，最高法院批准地引用了英国诺兰委员会关于公共生活标准的建议。法院赞扬了以下具有普遍适用性的公共生活原则：“公共生活原则：支撑公共生活的行为准则需要重申。我们已经做到了。已经阐明了无私、正直、客观、问责、公开、诚实和领导的七项原则（稍后会进行阐述）。行为准则：所有公共机构都应该制定包含这些原则的行为准则。
独立审查：维持标准的内部系统应该得到独立审查的支持。
教育：需要做更多工作来促进和加强公共机构的行为标准，特别是通过指导和培训，包括入职培训。”诺兰委员会的报告中阐述了公共生活的七项原则，如下：
“The Seven Principles of Public Life:
· 无私 · 正直 · 客观 · 问责 · 公开 · 诚实 · 领导
为确保治理廉洁，需要采取某些措施：· 需要执行 1988 年《无名财产交易（禁止）法》第 5 条 · 公职人员渎职——一种补救措施 · 需要制定法律，规定没收公务员非法获得的财产 · 制定《公共利益披露法》· 制定《信息自由法》· 需要制定《民众代理人法》，除了《中央监察委员会法》外 · 加强刑事司法系统
- 信息的民主化，《规划》，2013 年 5 月
- "确保政府部门服务质量",《规划》，2011年6月
- 为当代印度行政部门设计反腐败战略，作者：Shiladitya Chakraborty，国际公共管理评论（IPMR）
- "腐败、参与式发展和善治"，《规划》，2013年1月
- "腐败与第十二个五年计划"，《规划》，2012年1月
“个人的福祉包含在所有人的福祉之中。”你如何理解这句话？这个原则如何在公共生活中得到实施？（150字）