低地苏格兰语/Lesson01
低地苏格兰语第一课:基础
英语有“the”,“a”和“an”这些词。这些词被称为“冠词”,用于指代特定的(the,即定冠词)或一般的(a 和 an,即不定冠词)概念。
- 一个男人。那个男人。一群男人。那些男人。
有些语言只有一个,而没有另一个。有些语言两者都没有。苏格兰语两者都有,并且规则比英语简单一些。
苏格兰语中“the”的词语也是the(发音更像是“theh”,而不是我们所说的“thuh”),它几乎与英语中完全一样。唯一的区别是它也用在季节、星期几、许多名词、疾病、职业、科学以及学术学科的名称之前。它也经常用来代替不定冠词,以及代词:the hairst(秋天),the Wadensday(星期三),awa tae the kirk(去教堂),the nou(现在),the day(今天),the haingles(流感),the Laitin(拉丁语),The deuk ett the bit breid(鸭子吃了一块面包),the wife(我的妻子)等等。
- 苏格兰语:The hoond. The tree. The waw.
- 英语:The dog. The tree. The wall.
低地苏格兰语中“a”和“an”的词语仅仅是“a”。
- 苏格兰语:The hoose. A aiple. The loanin an a tree.
- 英语:The house. An apple. The field and a tree.
“Am”,“is”和“are”在苏格兰语中相同,但是“was”和“were”仅仅是“wis”,不过“were”在该语言中有时是“war”。
- 苏格兰语:A am, she is, we are, he wis, thay wis/war.
- 英语:I am, she is, we are, he was, they were.
像“he”和“she”这样的词语是代词。苏格兰语体系在英语中有一些区别,如下所示。
- A1 I
- me2 me
- ma3 my
- ye4 单数"you"
- he he
- his his
- she she
- her her
- him him
- it5 it
- we6 we
- us7 us, me
- thay they
- thaim them
- thair their
- yese8 复数"you"
- yer9 your
最显著的区别是单数和复数"you"之间的区别。英语以前也存在同样的区别;它用“thou”表示单数"you",用“ye”表示复数"you"。然而,“thou”逐渐不再使用,而“ye”取而代之,成为了现代的“you”。"Yese/Youse"用于诸如“A lue10 yese/youse”之类的句子,翻译成“我爱你们所有人”。"Ye"用于所有其他情况,如“Wha are ye?”,意思是“你是谁?”苏格兰语
- Hou11 are ye?
- Hou are yese?
英语
- How are you?(友好的)
- How are you?(多个人)或者How are you all?或者How are all of you?
- 1: 也称"I",用于强调。
- 2: 也称"us"或"hus"。
- 3: 也称"ma certes"。
- 4: 也称"you"。
- 5: 也称"hit"。
- 6: 也称"oo"。
- 7: 也称"hus","us"。
- 8: 也称"youse"。
- 9: 也称"your"。
- 10: 也称"amour"或"love"。
- 11: 也称"whitwey"。
介词,顾名思义,描述位置以及事物之间的关系。有些语言课程选择在更高级的课程中介绍它们,但在没有它们的情况下很难形成句子。这里我们将介绍一些基本的介词,但我们将在以后的课程中更深入地讨论它们。
- amang among
- in in
- on1 on(如I put my books on my desk)
- unner under(与英语单词非常相似)
- ahint2 behind
- atween between
- wi with
- neist tae3 next to
- forbye besides
你现在可以用很少的词汇构建的句子数量大幅增加。
- 苏格兰语:We are in the hoose.
- 英语:We are in the house.
- 1: 也称"ontae"。
- 2: 也称"aback"或"hinder"。
- 3: 也称"til"。
这是一个词汇表。其中一些词语在本课中已经出现过,而另一些是新的。
- aiple apple
- tree tree
- door door
- eat eat, to eat
- hair hair, a small portion
- dug1 dog
- cat2 cat
- meat3 food
- lassie4 girl
- ken know
- moose mouse
- hoose house
- kirk church
- waw wall
- fowk people
- reid red
- leid language
- laddie5 boy
- son son
- bairn child
- tuith tooth
- sit sit, to sit
- sleep sleep, to sleep
- the toun city
- chyre chair
- black black
- table6 table
- hackit7 ugly
- loanin8 field, paddock, lane
- bide to reside, live at, lodge, stay
- 1: 也称"duggie","hoond",或"tike"。
- 2: 也称"baudrons","cheetie","pous",或"pousie"。
- 3: 也称"farin","leevin","mealtith",或"fuid"。
- 4: 也称"lassie"或"quean"。
- 5: 也称"callant","lad","boy",或"loun"。
- 6: 也称"buird"。
- 7: 也称"grugous","ill-farrant","uggsome",或"ougly"。
- 8: 也称"lea"。
将这些句子翻译成英语。
- Ye are John.
- The hoose is reid.
- She bides in the toun.
- The lassie wi black hair.
- The dug sleeps unner a tree.
- The cat eats the meat.
- A sit on the chyre neist tae the table.
- Yese are ahint the door in the waw.
将这些句子翻译成低地苏格兰语。
- I am Jack.
- It is under the table.
- The door is in the red wall.
- The mouse lives under the house.
- A dog is sleeping behind the chair.
- The tree is in the field.
- The boy with food.
- You eat an apple.
以上练习的答案。
- You are John.
- The house is red.
- She lives in the city.
- The girl with black hair.
- The dog sleeps/is sleeping under a tree.
- The cat eats/is eating the food.
- I sit/am sitting on the chair next to the table.
- You are behind the door in the wall.
- A am Jack.
- It is unner the table.
- The door is in the reid waw.
- The moose bides unner the hoose.
- A dug sleeps ahint the chyre.
- The tree is in the loanin.
- The laddie wi the meat.
- Ye eat an aiple.
这标志着第一节苏格兰低地语课程的结束,现在你应该已经能够构成简单的句子了。运用你所学过的词汇,组成你自己的句子吧!