加拿大难民程序/115-116 - 不遣返原则
《移民与难民保护法》第 115-116 条规定
Principle of Non-refoulement Protection 115 (1) A protected person or a person who is recognized as a Convention refugee by another country to which the person may be returned shall not be removed from Canada to a country where they would be at risk of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion or at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. Exceptions (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in the case of a person (a) who is inadmissible on grounds of serious criminality and who constitutes, in the opinion of the Minister, a danger to the public in Canada; or (b) who is inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights or organized criminality if, in the opinion of the Minister, the person should not be allowed to remain in Canada on the basis of the nature and severity of acts committed or of danger to the security of Canada. Removal of refugee (3) A person, after a determination under paragraph 101(1)(e) that the person’s claim is ineligible, is to be sent to the country from which the person came to Canada, but may be sent to another country if that country is designated under subsection 102(1) or if the country from which the person came to Canada has rejected their claim for refugee protection. Regulations 116 The regulations may provide for any matter relating to the application of this Division, and may include provisions respecting procedures to be followed with respect to applications for protection and decisions made under section 115, including the establishment of factors to determine whether a hearing is required.
《移民与难民保护法》第 115 条规定，不得将任何人遣返到其可能因公约理由遭受迫害或可能遭受酷刑或残忍和不人道待遇或处罚的国家。该清单反映了加拿大的国际义务。
难民公约第 33(1) 条规定
缔约国不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返（“遣返”）到其生命或自由因其种族、宗教、国籍、属于特定社会群体或政治见解而受到威胁的领土边界。
1984 年《联合国禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第 3(1) 条规定
任何缔约国不得将任何人驱逐、遣返（“遣返”）或引渡到另一个国家，如果该缔约国有充分理由相信此人可能在那里面临被酷刑的危险。
联合国 1966 年《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》由联合国人权委员会解释，该委员会负责监测公约的执行情况，认为该公约也承担类似的义务
[T]he article 2 obligation requiring that States Parties respect and ensure the Covenant rights for all persons in their territory and all persons under their control entails an obligation not to extradite, deport, expel or otherwise remove a person from their territory, where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm, such as that contemplated by articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant, either in the country to which removal is to be effected or in any country to which the person may subsequently be removed.[1]
公约第 6 条保护生命权，第 7 条禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。对“残忍和不人道待遇或处罚”这一短语的解释应该与国际法中所理解的“残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚”概念保持一致。
参见：加拿大难民程序/难民程序解释原则#《移民与难民保护法》第 3(3)(f) 条 - 该法应以符合加拿大已签署的国际人权文书的方式适用.
第 115(2) 条规定，第 115(1) 条不适用于所列类别的人员。据说，该条款明确允许将移民遣返到可能违反（人权）不遣返义务的伤害国家。[2] 然而，联邦法院已经发现，允许推翻不遣返原则的测试设定了一个非常高的门槛。[3]
- ↑ 联合国人权委员会一般性意见第 31 号（2004 年），第 12 段。
- ↑ Júlia Zomignani Barboza，国际对犯罪者的保护：给予还是不给予？来自澳大利亚、比利时和加拿大的教训，国际难民法杂志，2024；eeae026，https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae026，第 12 页。
- ↑ Yousif v Canada, 2019 FC 128，第 23 段。