人类营养学基础/钼
虽然钼可以在大量的植物性食物中找到，但其含量很大程度上取决于植物生长地区的土壤钼含量。豆类、谷物产品、坚果和绿叶蔬菜都是钼的来源。动物体内没有像植物那样高的钼浓度，但在肝脏和牛奶中可以找到足够的营养来源。摄入推荐的每日乳制品摄入量通常可以作为膳食中钼的充足营养来源。研究人员很难确定钼的平均膳食摄入量，因为目前还没有统一的分析方法用于研究以确定钼含量。此外，由于世界各地土壤中矿物质含量差异很大，因此关于钼含量的报告也存在很大差异。即使存在差异，钼的摄入量也始终高于每日需求量。
三种主要利用钼的金属酶是黄嘌呤脱氢酶/氧化酶、醛氧化酶和亚硫酸盐氧化酶。黄嘌呤脱氢酶/氧化酶在不同类型的组织中积极作用，将嘌呤转化为尿酸。一种名为黄嘌呤尿症的遗传疾病会导致尿酸产量低。这种情况最终可能导致肌肉组织轻度肌病。亚硫酸盐氧化酶是一种负责将某些形式的亚硫酸盐转化为无机亚硫酸盐的酶。遗传疾病会导致亚硫酸盐氧化酶缺乏，导致婴儿在 2-3 岁左右死亡。膳食中不同含量的钼尚未观察到对该酶水平产生毒性影响，但研究人员认为，这些遗传疾病是由这些酶的钼蝶呤辅因子合成失败引起的。
==11.8.3 需求==
There are different ways to figure out the requirements of Molybdenum; these methods are to check the plasma and serum Molybdenum concentration, urinary Molybdenum levels, biochemical indicators, and molybdenum balance (“Dietary Reference Intakes…”, 2001). There are also factors that affect the Molybdenum requirements due to interactions with other minerals and substances; tungsten, cooper and sulfate, and bioavailability factors all determine how it is absorbed.
Depending on one's age and gender, there are different requirements for the amount of Molybdenum that should be ingested everyday through one's diet. Between the ages of zero to twelve months, because there have been no sources of information as to how much Molybdenum should be ingested, the intake values that are instated are due to the Adequate Intake (AI) levels that have been instated due to the mean intake of infants that have been fed milk from humans. The study demonstrated that as the infant gets older, the levels of molybdenum decreased over time; what started at 5 µg/L went down to 1.7 µg/L over the course of almost a year. The AI for Molybdenum for infants ages zero to six months is 2 µg/day or 0.3 µg/kg/day. For ages seven to twelve months, it is 3 µg/day or 0.3 µg/kg/day. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for children one to three years is 13 µg/day and for children ages four to eight years it is 17 µg/day. After the age of eight, boys and girls require different amounts of Molybdenum. The EAR for boys ages nine to thirteen years is 26 µg/day of molybdenum and for those who are fourteen to eighteen years, the value is 33 µg/day. Additionally, the EAR for girls nine to thirteen years if 26 µg/day of molybdenum and for girls who are fourteen to eighteen years old, they need 33 µg/day. The Molybdenum Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for children ages one to three is 17 µg/day and for ages four to eight years is 22 µg/day. The RDA for boys nine to thirteen years it is 34 µg/day and for those who are fourteen to eighteen years it is 43 µg/day. Finally, the Molybdenum RDA for girls who are nine to thirteen years is 34 µg/day and for girls fourteen to eighteen years, they need 43 µg/day.
Men and women over the age of nineteen both have the same EAR and RDA values for Molybdenum (“Molybdenum”, 2006). For men and women who are nineteen years old and greater, the EAR is 34 µg/day and the RDA is 45 µg/day. Molybdenum values for women who are pregnant between the ages of fourteen to fifty years old, are 40 µg/day for the EAR and 50 µg/day for the RDA. Additionally, for lactation, between the years of fourteen to eighteen the EAR is 35 µg/day and the RDA is 50 µg/day; then from ages nineteen to fifty, the EAR value increases slightly to 36 µg/day and the RDA remains the same 50 µg/day.
There are also upper level intake values that can pose to be toxic if one goes above it. Children one to three years cannot go above 300 µg/day, four to eight years cannot go above 600 µg/day, nine to thirteen year old cannot go above 1,100 µg/day, and children fourteen to eighteen cannot pass 1,700 µg/day. Adult men and women above the age of nineteen should not surpass 2,000 µg/day. Pregnant women should not go above 1,700 µg/day if they are fourteen to eighteen years old, and they need to stay below 2,000 µg/day if they are nineteen to fifty years old. If one is lactating, the same values as pregnant women are instated. High levels are not recommended because even though a human model has not been completed and there are mostly animal studies, in a mouse study, high levels of Molybdenum lead to carcinogenic results (“Molybdenum”, 2013). Toxicity can also lead to problems regarding growth, less hemoglobin, renal failure, and problems with the reproductive system (Novotny, 2006). Additionally, a deficiency, even though they are not common, can lead to reproductive problems and problems again with growth.
维生素 A、维生素 K、砷、硼、铬、铜、碘、铁、锰、钼、镍、硅、钒和锌的膳食参考摄入量。（2001）。检索于 2015 年 11 月 28 日，来自 http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Vitamin_A/420-441_150.pdf（链接到外部站点）钼。（2006）。检索于 2015 年 11 月 28 日，来自 https://www.nrv.gov.au/sites/default/files/page_pdf/n35-molybdenum_0.pdf（链接到外部站点）
钼。（2013 年 12 月 4 日）。检索于 2015 年 11 月 28 日，来自http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Molybdenum_BiomonitoringSummary.html（链接到外部站点）
Novotny, J.，& Turnlund, J.（2006 年 9 月 29 日）。钼摄入量影响男性钼动力学。检索于 2015 年 11 月 28 日，来自 http://jn.nutrition.org/content/137/1/37.full.pdf（链接到外部站点）
钼缺乏症仅在少数未被复制的人类病例中记录。在一项研究中，两名患有克罗恩病的年轻人出现了大量微量矿物质损失。这些参与者在输注钼后，血浆和尿液中尿酸水平升高，这与黄嘌呤脱氢酶/氧化酶的作用一致。虽然这表明钼以微量形式被利用并且是必需的，但它没有为研究人员提供任何计算最低膳食推荐的信息。钼毒性被称为钼中毒。钼中毒最常见的一些症状实际上是铜缺乏的症状，因为过量的钼会干扰体内对铜的利用。钼中毒的其他影响被认为是肾脏损伤和生殖异常。钼中毒在人类中非常罕见，关于该矿物质摄入量的绝大多数研究都是通过动物研究进行的。反刍动物，尤其是反刍动物，对钼更敏感，因此更容易被用于毒性研究，但这通常与应用于人类健康的相关信息无关。关于钼的其他健康影响，有很多说法正在出现，但几乎所有说法都需要进一步调查。钼缺乏症与非洲班图部落和中国湖南省的癌症有关，这些地区自然土壤中的钼含量很低。一些报告称钼可能具有抗龋作用，或预防龋齿，但被认为是不确定的，需要进一步调查。也有证据表明，克山病流行的地区土壤中钼含量也很低，在用该矿物质施肥后，患病率下降了。
Chan S, Gerson B, Subramiam S. (1998) 铜、钼、硒和锌在营养和健康中的作用。 临床实验室医学。 12 月；18（4）：673-85
微量营养素小组。（2001）维生素 A、维生素 K、砷、硼、铬、铜、碘、铁、锰、钼、镍、硅、钒和锌的膳食参考摄入量。 美国国家科学院。1 月 9 日。第 420-441 页。
Rolfes, S Whitney E.（2016）。理解营养，第 14 版。 Cengage 学习。
WHO（世界卫生组织）。1996. 人类营养和健康中的微量元素。 日内瓦：WHO。第 144-154 页。