定义(网):
令  为一个拓扑空间,令
 为一个拓扑空间,令  为一个有向集。网 是一个族
 为一个有向集。网 是一个族  .
.
 
就像滤子一样,网是序列的模拟,它们被用来将原本只对“良好”空间成立的定理推广到一般拓扑空间的设置中。缺点是,就像滤子一样,涉及网的定理通常使用选择公理。使用网还是滤子取决于个人喜好,以及选择在给定情况下使用最少选择公理的工具。
Proof: Suppose first that  is closed, and that
 is closed, and that  is a convergent net in
 is a convergent net in  to a limit
 to a limit  . Suppose
. Suppose  . Then for all
. Then for all  , we find
, we find  so that at least
 so that at least  , which implies that
, which implies that  , and
, and  since
 since  ,
,  . Since a set is closed if and only if it contains its boundary, we conclude that
. Since a set is closed if and only if it contains its boundary, we conclude that  , a contradiction. Suppose then that
, a contradiction. Suppose then that  contains the limit of all its convergent nets. Then let
 contains the limit of all its convergent nets. Then let  , and note that
, and note that  is a directed set, ordered by inclusion. For each
 is a directed set, ordered by inclusion. For each  , choose
, choose  by definition of
 by definition of  , and observe that
, and observe that  forms a net convergent to
 forms a net convergent to  . Thus,
. Thus,  , and since
, and since  was arbitrary,
 was arbitrary,  and
 and  is closed.
 is closed. 
证明: 首先假设  是连续的,并假设
 是连续的,并假设  收敛于
 收敛于  。然后令
。然后令  为
 为  的任何开邻域,并设
 的任何开邻域,并设  ,由于
,由于  的连续性,它是开的。然后选取
 的连续性,它是开的。然后选取  使得对于所有
 使得对于所有  我们有
 我们有  ;对于这样的
;对于这样的  我们将有
 我们将有  ,根据原像的定义。
,根据原像的定义。
假设现在 具有这样的性质:如果
 具有这样的性质:如果 网收敛于
 网收敛于 ,那么
,那么 网收敛于
 网收敛于 。然后假设
。然后假设 是闭集。如果我们证明
 是闭集。如果我们证明 是闭集,我们就证明了该定理。  我们只需要 证明
 是闭集,我们就证明了该定理。  我们只需要 证明 包含其所有网的极限。所以假设
 包含其所有网的极限。所以假设 是
 是 中的一个网,它收敛于某个
 中的一个网,它收敛于某个 。那么
。那么 ,因此
,因此 ,所以
,所以 确实是闭集。
 确实是闭集。 
Proof: Suppose first that  is compact, and let
 is compact, and let  be a net in
 be a net in  . Suppose that
. Suppose that  does not have a convergent subnet. Then for each
 does not have a convergent subnet. Then for each  , we find an open neighbourhood
, we find an open neighbourhood  of
 of  and a
 and a  such that for all
 such that for all  , we have
, we have  ; for otherwise, if
; for otherwise, if  is a point so that for all open neighbourhoods
 is a point so that for all open neighbourhoods  and
 and  there exists
 there exists  so that
 so that  , then we note that the set of all
, then we note that the set of all  (that is, the sets of all open neighbourhoods of
 (that is, the sets of all open neighbourhoods of  ) forms a directed set when ordered inversely by inclusion (which shall henceforth be denoted by
) forms a directed set when ordered inversely by inclusion (which shall henceforth be denoted by  ). Note that we may take the product order on
). Note that we may take the product order on  , and then we may define an order morphism
, and then we may define an order morphism  by sending
 by sending  . Consider the subset
. Consider the subset  so that
 so that  . We define a subnet of
. We define a subnet of  as thus: Define
 as thus: Define  by
 by  , and the order morphism induced by
, and the order morphism induced by  , which is final since for any
, which is final since for any  , we find
, we find  so that
 so that  , when
, when  is arbitrary. Now
 is arbitrary. Now  converges to
 converges to  , a contradiction. But then we apply compactness to the
, a contradiction. But then we apply compactness to the  , so that we gain points
, so that we gain points  so that
 so that  covers
 covers  . Then we choose an upper bound
. Then we choose an upper bound  of
 of  by successively choosing an upper bound of
 by successively choosing an upper bound of  , then an upper bound of that upper bound and
, then an upper bound of that upper bound and  and so on. Then for
 and so on. Then for  ,
,  is not contained in any of the
 is not contained in any of the  , so that in particular
, so that in particular  , a contradiction. Conversely, if every net contains a convergent subnet, let
, a contradiction. Conversely, if every net contains a convergent subnet, let  be an open cover of
 be an open cover of  . Suppose that it doesn't admit any finite subcover, and consider the set of all finite subfamilies of
. Suppose that it doesn't admit any finite subcover, and consider the set of all finite subfamilies of  ordered by inclusion, which is a directed set. Then define a net indexed over that set by choosing, for each finite index set
 ordered by inclusion, which is a directed set. Then define a net indexed over that set by choosing, for each finite index set  , the element
, the element  . By assumption, upon defining
. By assumption, upon defining  to be the set of all finite subfamilies of
 to be the set of all finite subfamilies of  , we find that
, we find that  has a convergent subnet
 has a convergent subnet  . Let
. Let  be the point to which this subnet converges, and since
 be the point to which this subnet converges, and since  is a cover, pick
 is a cover, pick  so that
 so that  . Note that
. Note that  is a finite subfamily of
 is a finite subfamily of  , so that by finality of the order homomorphism
, so that by finality of the order homomorphism  we find
 we find  so that
 so that  contains
 contains  . On the other hand, since
. On the other hand, since  converges to
 converges to  , we find
, we find  so that for
 so that for  we have
 we have  . Finally, since
. Finally, since  is directed, let
 is directed, let  be an upper bound for
 be an upper bound for  and
 and  , then
, then  contains
 contains  , but then
, but then  is not contained in
 is not contained in  , a contradiction.
, a contradiction. 
定义(序列):
令  为一个拓扑空间。一个 **序列** 是一个以自然数的定向集为指标的网。
 为一个拓扑空间。一个 **序列** 是一个以自然数的定向集为指标的网。
 
为了表示序列  收敛到点
 收敛到点  ,我们将使用有用的记号
,我们将使用有用的记号  .
.
命题(可数可列空间中用序列刻画闭集):
令  为一个可数可列拓扑空间。则子集
 为一个可数可列拓扑空间。则子集  是闭集当且仅当它是序列闭的。
 是闭集当且仅当它是序列闭的。
(关于可数选择公理的条件)
 
证明: 首先假设  是闭集。那么,
 是闭集。那么,  中任何收敛序列的极限都一定包含在
 中任何收敛序列的极限都一定包含在  中,因为序列是一种网,而且 网的极限对应命题在没有选择公理的情况下也是成立的。现在假设
 中,因为序列是一种网,而且 网的极限对应命题在没有选择公理的情况下也是成立的。现在假设  是序闭集。令
 是序闭集。令  ; 我们要证明
; 我们要证明  。 为邻域滤子
。 为邻域滤子  选择一个可数基
 选择一个可数基  。 根据可数选择公理,对每个
。 根据可数选择公理,对每个  选择
 选择  。 那么序列
。 那么序列  收敛到
 收敛到  ,因此
,因此  。
。 
命题(第一可数空间中连续性的序列判据):
设  为第一可数空间,
 为第一可数空间, 为拓扑空间,
 为拓扑空间, 为函数。则
 为函数。则  连续当且仅当它在序列上连续。
 连续当且仅当它在序列上连续。
(关于可数选择公理的条件)
 
证明: 若  连续,那么当然
 连续,那么当然  只要
 只要  ,因为
,因为  的邻域
 的邻域  会导致
 会导致  的邻域
 的邻域  ,
, 将会落在其中,当
 将会落在其中,当  足够大时,然后由原像的定义
 足够大时,然后由原像的定义  。
。
如果  是逐点连续的,设
 是逐点连续的,设  是闭集,并设
 是闭集,并设  ;我们要证明
;我们要证明  是闭集。设
 是闭集。设  是
 是  中的一个序列。根据第一可数空间中序列闭包的刻画,只需证明
 中的一个序列。根据第一可数空间中序列闭包的刻画,只需证明  是序列闭合的。因此,设
 是序列闭合的。因此,设  是
 是  中的一个序列,它收敛于某个
 中的一个序列,它收敛于某个  。那么
。那么  ,因此
,因此  ,因此
,因此  。
。 