韩语/高级发音规则
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学习韩语 (介绍)
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本课不完整。点击“编辑”或使用 Talk:Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules 帮助我们完善。
本课包含所有关于标准韩语发音的信息，基于“标准韩语发音规则（1988）”。
简单的元音‘ㅚ’和‘ㅟ’可以发成双元音
- ㅚ [ø] → ㅚ [we] 或 [we̞]
- ㅟ [y] → ㅟ [wi] 或 [ɥi]
许多母语人士无法区分‘금괴(金塊)’和‘금궤(金櫃)。’
‘져, 쪄, and 쳐’出现在动词和形容词的活用中，通常分别发成‘저, 쩌, and 처’
ex) 가지어 → 가져[가저], 찌어 → 쪄[쩌], 다치어 → 다쳐[다처]
在韩语中，‘ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ’出现在以/j/音开头的元音，例如‘ㅕ’之后，只以‘져, 쪄, 쳐’的形式出现，除了韩语中一些非正式的外国词汇拼写。之所以有这样的规则是因为‘ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ’不能出现在/j/音之后。（/j/ 消失）
在一些方言中，‘ㅖ’发成‘ㅔ’，除了‘예’和‘례’
ex) 계집[계ː집/게ː집] 계시다[계ː시다/게ː시다] 시계[시계/시게](時計)
연계[연계/연게](連繫) 몌별[몌별/메별](袂別) 개폐[개폐/개페](開閉)
혜택[혜ː택/헤ː택](惠澤) 지혜[지혜/지헤](智慧)
‘ㅢ’在首辅音之后，通常发成‘ㅣ’
ex) 늴리리[닐리리] 닁큼[닝큼] 무늬[무니] 띄어쓰기[띠어쓰기] 씌어[씨어]
틔어[티어] 희어[히어] 희떱다[히떱따] 희망[히망] 유희[유히]
此外，‘의’（没有首辅音的‘ㅢ’）作为非第一个音节，通常发成‘이’
ex) 민주주의[민주주의/민주주이] 의의[의의/의이](意義) 협의[혀븨/혀비](協議)
此外，后置词‘의’（意思是的）通常发成‘에’
ex) 우리의[우리의/우리에] 강의의[강ː의의/강ː이에](講義의)
对于‘되어’, ‘피어’, ‘-이오’, 和‘아니오’，你可以添加/j/音，如下
ex) 되어[되어/되여] 피어[피어/피여] -이오[이오/이요] 아니오[아니오/아니요]
一些韵尾辅音（받침，batchim）的发音不同于它们作为首辅音的发音。
在音节末尾，只有七种辅音：ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, 和 ㅇ。
一般来说，阻碍音在鼻音之前会同化为鼻音，同时保持与之前相同的发音部位。在阻碍音之后的ㄹ也会受到影响。设‘k-stop’，‘t-stop’，‘p-stop’分别为以k, t, p音结尾的阻碍音。一般规则如下
- k-stop（ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前变为ㅇ
- t-stop（ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前变为ㄴ
- p-stop（ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅃ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前变为ㅁ
- 在阻碍音之后的ㄹ变为ㄴ，并且上述规则适用。（对此，请参见下文。）
以下是一些示例
- k-stops + ㄴ 变为 ㅇㄴ
ex) 격노(being incensed), pronounced [경노]
학년 (grade, school/academic year, form, standard), prounounced [항년]
닦는 (wiping, present participle form), pronounced [당는]
긁는 (scratching, present participle form), pronounced [긍는]
- k-stops + ㅁ 变为 ㅇㅁ
ex) 국물 (broth), pronounced [궁물]
부엌문 (kitchen door), pronounced [부엉문]
키읔만 ('ㅋ' only), pronounced [키응만]
묵묵히 (silently), pronounced [뭉무키]
- t-stops + ㄴ 变为 ㄴㄴ
ex) 닫는 (closing, present participle form), pronounced [단는]
덧니 (snaggletooth), pronounced [던니]
죽었니? (Is it dead?), pronounced [주건니]
젖니 (baby tooth), pronounced [전니]
벚나무 (cheery tree), pronounced [번나무]
옻나무 (lacquer tree), pronounced [온나무]
꽃나무 (a flower plane), pronounced [꼰나무]
밭농사 (dry-field farming), pronounced [반농사]
놓는 (putting down, participle form), pronounced [논는]
밭일 (farming), pronounced [밭ㄴ일 -> 반닐] due to addition of 'ㄴ' sound
밭이랑 (plowed rows), pronounced [밭ㄴ이랑 -> 반니랑] due to addition of 'ㄴ' sound
But, 밭이랑 (a farm and) is pronounced [바치랑] since there is no addition of 'ㄴ' but a palatalization.
- t-stops + ㅁ 变为 ㄴㅁ
ex) 맏며느리 (wife of one's eldest son), pronounced [만며느리]
옷맵시 (line of cloth, style), pronounced [온맵씨]
옻물 (lacquer sap), pronounced [온물]
낯면 (the name of the hanja 面), pronounced [난면]
낮말 (talking in the daytime), pronounced [난말]
낱말 (a word), pronounced [난말]
히읗만 (only 'ㅎ'), pronounced [히은만]
- p-stops + ㄴ 变为 ㅁㄴ
ex) 굽는 (roasting, participle form), pronounced [굼는]
줍는 (picking up, participle form), pronounced [줌는]
밟는 (stepping on, participle form), pronounced [밤는] since 밟- is pronounced [밥:] (one of counterexamples of pronunciation of ㄼ)
읊는 (reciting, participle form), pronounced [음는]
- p-stops + ㅁ 变为 ㅁㅁ
ex) 업무 (duties), pronounced [엄무]
엎는 (flipping, participle form), pronounced [엄는]
덮는 (covering, participle form), pronounced [덤는]
앞문 (front door), pronounced [암문]
- ㄱㅎ 变为 ㅋ
ex) 북한 (North Korea), pronounced [부칸]
익숙한 (familiar), pronounced [익쑤칸]
착한 (good-natured), pronounced [차칸]
악한 (evil), pronounced [아칸]
긁힌 (be scratched), pronounced [글킨] (ㄹ remains)
- ㅎㄱ 变为 ㅋ
ex) 하얗게 (whitely), pronounced [하야케]
끊긴 (disconnected), pronounced [끈킨] (ㄴ remains)
- t-stops + ㅎ 变为 ㅌ（除了下一种情况）
ex) 맏형 (the eldest brother), pronounced [마텽]
굳해파리목 (Trachymedusae), pronounced [구태파리목]
핫하다 (to be hot, popular), pronounced [하타다]
숱하디숱하다 (plentiful, rich, so many), pronounced [수타디수타다]
맞혼인 (a marriage with equal share of expenses between the two families, or a consensual marriage, 맞婚姻), pronounced [마토닌]
꽂하늘소 (Leptura aethiops), pronounced [꼬타늘쏘]
닻혀 (an anchor fluke), pronounced [다텨]
몇 할 (what percentage, literally how many 'hal'(할, 割, 10%)), pronounced [며탈]
- 但是，t-stops + 히 变为 치，如果它涉及颚化（参见下文）
ex) 맞히다 (guess right), pronounced [마치다]
얹히다 (to be put on, or have indigestion), pronounced [언치다]
잊히다 (to be forgotten), pronounced [이치다]
닫혀 (being shut), pronounced [다쳐] (-혀 is a reduced form of -히어)
- ㅎㄷ 变为 ㅌ
ex) 빨갛다 (to be red), pronounced [빨가타]
- ㅂㅎ 变为 ㅍ
ex) 입학 (entrance), pronounced [이팍]
넓히다 (to extend), pronounced [널피다]
급하다 (in hurry), pronounced [그파다]
- ㅎㅈ 变为 ㅊ
ex) 쌓지[싸치] 닳지[달치] 좋죠[조쵸]
- ㅎㅅ 变为 ㅆ
ex) 않소[안쏘] 많소[만:쏘] 싫소[실쏘]
一些组合涉及颚化
- ㄷ이 变为 지，如果 이- 只有语法意义
ex) 해돋이 (sunrise), pronounced [해도지]
곧이듣다 (to take another´s words as truth), pronounced [고지듣따]
- ㅌ이 和 ‘t-stops + 히’ 变为 치，如果 히- 只有语法意义
ex) 굳히다 (to harden), pronounced [구치다]
받히다 (to be hit), pronounced [바치다]
一些涉及复杂的同化/变化
- ㅁㄹ 变为 ㅁㄴ
ex) 남루하다 (shabby, ragged), pronounced [남:누하다]
담력 (courage, nerve; 膽力), pronounced [담:녁]
- ㅇㄹ 变为 ㅇㄴ
ex) 왕릉 (royal tomb, mausoleum), pronounced [왕능]
항로 (sea route), pronounced [항:노]
대통령 (president), pronounced [대:통녕]
- ㄱㄹ 变为 ㅇㄴ（可以分为 ㄱㄹ -> ㄱㄴ -> ㅇㄴ）
ex) 박람회 (expo), pronounced [방남회]
- ㅂㄹ 变为 ㅁㄴ（可以分为 ㅂㄹ -> ㅂㄴ -> ㅁㄴ）
ex) 합리적 (rational), pronounced [함니적]
- ㄴㄹ 变为 ㄹㄹ（除了某些词语）
ex) 안락하다 (comfortable), pronounced [알라카다]
난로 (heater, stove), pronounced [날:로]
광한루 (Gwanghallu), pronounced [광할루]
例外是以下 11 个词语
의견란[의ː견난] 임진란[임ː진난] 생산량[생산냥] 결단력[결딴녁] 공권력[공꿘녁] 동원령[동ː원녕] 상견례[상견녜] 횡단로[횡단노] 이원론[이ː원논] 입원료[이붠뇨] 구근류[구근뉴]
如果一个以首辅音ㅇ开头的音节（表示没有声音）是后置词或后缀/词尾，并且它位于末尾音节（받침，batchim）之后，如果没有添加音节，那么该末尾音节将原样移动到ㅇ的位置。单辅音和紧辅音ㄲ, ㅆ整体移动，对于其他双音节，例如ㄼ, ㄾ，只有第二个成分移动（但ㅅ变为ㅆ）。
对于第一种情况
ex) 깎아[까까] 옷이[오시] 있어[이써] 낮이[나지] 꽂아[꼬자]
꽃을[꼬츨] 쫓아[쪼차] 밭에[바테] 앞으로[아프로] 덮이다[더피다]
부엌이[부어키] 낯을[나츨] 밭의[바틔/바테] 무릎에[무르페] 꺾어[꺼꺼]
쫓을[쪼츨] 같은[가튼] 짚으면[지프면] 섞여[서껴] 높여[노펴]
另一种情况
ex) 넋이[넉씨] 앉아[안자] 닭을[달글] 젊어[절머] 곬이[골씨]
핥아[할타] 읊어[을퍼] 값을[갑쓸] 없어[업ː써] 닭이[달기]
여덟을[여덜블] 삶에[살:메] 읽어[일거] 밟을[발블] 옮은[올믄]
몫이[목씨] 넋을[넉쓸] 곬이[골씨] 외곬으로[외골쓰로] 값이[갑씨]
값에[갑쎄] 없이[업ː씨] 없으면[업ː쓰면]
如果以ㅇ开头的音节是语义上意义明确的词语的第一个字，并且元音不是以/j/音开头，那么首先按照规则改变第一个音节，然后移动最后一个辅音。
ex) 밭 아래 (downward of a farm, 아래 is meaningful) [받 아래 -> 바다래]
늪 앞 (front of a swamp, 앞 is meaningful) [늡 앞 -> 느밮 -> 느밥]
젖어미 (a wet nurse, 어미 is meaningful) [젇 어미 -> 저더미]
맛없다 (to taste awful, 없다 is meaningful) [맏 없다 -> 마덦다 -> 마덥따]
꽃 위 (on a flower, 위 is meaningful) [꼳 위 -> 꼬뒤]
如果两个词语合并成一个词语，第一个词语以末尾辅音结尾，第二个词语以/j/音开头，那么在对每个词语应用规则之后，在末尾添加ㄴ。
ex) 솜-이불 (cotton blanket, 솜 + 이불), pronounced [솜ː니불]
홑-이불 (bed sheet, 홑- + 이불), pronounced [혿-니불 -> 혼니불]
막-일 (physical labor, 막- + 일), pronounced [막-닐 -> 망닐]
삯-일 (job work, 삯 + 일), pronounced [삭-닐 -> 상닐]
更多没有解释的示例
맨-입[맨닙] 꽃-잎[꼰닙] 내복-약[내ː봉냑] 한-여름[한녀름] 남존-여비[남존녀비] 신-여성[신녀성] 색-연필[생년필] 직행-열차[지캥녈차] 늑막-염[능망념] 콩-엿[콩녇] 담-요[담ː뇨] 눈-요기[눈뇨기] 영업-용[영엄뇽] 식용-유[시굥뉴] 백분-율[백뿐뉼] 밤-윷[밤ː뉻]
在这里，添加了ㄴ的ㄹㄴ变为ㄹㄹ。
ex) 들-일[들ː릴] 솔-잎[솔립] 설-익다[설릭따] 물-약[물략] 불-여우[불려우]
서울-역[서울력] 물-엿[물렫] 휘발-유[휘발류] 유들-유들[유들류들]
某些权限：您可以按照原样阅读，无需添加ㄴ，对于以下 5 个词语
이죽-이죽[이중니죽/이주기죽] 야금-야금[야금냐금/야그먀금] 검열[검ː녈/거ː멸] 욜랑-욜랑[욜랑뇰랑/욜랑욜랑] 금융[금늉/그뮹]
例外：不要添加ㄴ，对于以下 4 个词语
6·25[유기오] 3·1절[사밀쩔] 송별-연[송ː벼련] 등-용문[등용문]
注意：如果不是两个词语合并成字典中的一个词语的情况，则不要添加ㄴ。例如，
ex) 물요? (You mean the water?), pronounced [무료] but not [물료](X)
在发音过程中，
元音
- ㅚ 和 ㅟ 可以是双元音。
- /j/ 在 ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ 之后应该被删除。
- ㅖ 在首辅音（既不是 ㅇ 也不是 ㄹ）之后可以是 ㅔ。
- ㅢ 在首辅音（不是 ㅇ）之后应该是 ㅣ。
- 如果由移动辅音组成的首辅音之后的 ㅢ，则主要按照原样发音，也可以发成 ㅣ。
- 作为词语中非第一个字的 의 可以是 이。
- 作为后置词的 의，意思是“的”，可以发成 에。
辅音
- 只有 7 个辅音可以作为末尾辅音，batchim：ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ。
- 在词语末尾，
- ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄳ, ㄺ 变为 ㄱ (k-stop)
- ㄵ, ㄶ 变为 ㄴ
- ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ 变为 ㄷ (t-stop)
- ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㅀ 变为 ㄹ（除了 밟-, 넓죽하다, 和 넓둥글다）
- ㄻ 变为 ㅁ
- ㄿ, ㅄ, ㅍ 变为 ㅂ (p-stop)
- 鼻音化：（k-stop, t-stop, p-stop）+（ㄴ 或 ㅁ）变为（ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅁ）
- 送气
- k-stop + ㅎ 变为 ㅋ
- t-stop + ㅎ 变为 ㅌ
- t-stop + 히（没有语义意义）由于颚化变为 치
- p-stop + ㅎ 变为 ㅍ
- 颚化：（ㄷ, ㅌ）+ 无意义的（이, 히）变为 지（ㄷ이）或 치（其他情况）
- 同化/变化：ㄹ 在非 ㄴ/ㄹ 的 batchim 之后变为 ㄴ，并且 ㄴㄹ 和 ㄹㄴ 变为 ㄹㄹ，除了某些词语
- 连音：基本上将 batchim 移动到下一个 ㅇ，除了
- ㅅ 变为 ㅆ。
- 合并有意义的词语会导致 batchim 移动延迟或添加 ㄴ。
- 紧音
- ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在阻碍音之后变为 ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ
- ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在词干的 batchim 之后变为 ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ，其中 batchim 是 ㄴ(ㄵ), ㅁ(ㄻ), ㄼ, ㄾ 之一
- 在汉语借词中，ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在 ㄹ 之后变为 ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ（除了重叠词）
- 一些词语中的 -ㄹ 在词干之后使后面的 ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ 变为紧音
- 如果两个词合并，第一个词修饰第二个词，并且在发音时应该有一些延迟，那么第二个词的第一个ㄱ，ㄷ，ㅂ，ㅅ，ㅈ就会变得紧张。