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国际象棋开局理论/1. e4/1...c5

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西西里防御
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
Forsyth-Edwards 符号表示法 (FEN)

rnbqkbnr/pp1ppppp/8/2p5/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w

走法: 1. e4 c5
ECO 代码: B20-B99
父开局: 国王兵开局

西西里防御

[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

走法 1. e4 c5 构成了西西里防御，一种反击性开局，其中棋手通常在棋盘的相对两侧发动攻击。西西里防御由朱利奥·切萨雷·波列里奥在 1594 年引入国际象棋界，并在 20 世纪初作为一种较为温和的变招进入主流。随着新的攻击理念的发现，它在 20 世纪 50 年代成为黑方最可怕的武器，并且是所有开局中最经过深入分析的开局之一。

黑方的走法 1...c5 旨在创造一个半开的 c 路，控制重要的 d4 格，并允许黑后在需要时冒险，而 c 兵本身是安全的，不会受到攻击，与 1. e4 e5 之后 e 兵不同。

白方的应对

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a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 white pawnd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c4   (斯陶顿-科克兰变招)

1...c5 在布局中引入了不对称性；如果白方以 2. c4 (类似于英国式的斯陶顿-科克兰变招) 模仿黑方的走法，那就会削弱 d4 格，并在以后更难下 d4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 white pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4   (史密斯-莫拉弃兵)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4 cxd4 3. c3   (史密斯-莫拉弃兵)

面对 c5 的兵，白方可以选择下 2. d4 (史密斯-莫拉弃兵) ，这通常会导致弃兵以快速展开。在 2...cxd4 之后，白方可以下 3. c3，牺牲另一个兵以在下一步下 4. Nxc3，并在莫拉弃兵中获得展开上的优势。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white knightg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nf3   (开放式西西里)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c3   (阿拉宾变招)

一个更常见的思路是白方延迟 d4 一步，同时增加对该格的控制。这可以通过 2. Nf3 (通常导致西西里的主要路线 (开放式西西里)) 或 2. c3 (试图建立一个强大的兵中心) 来实现。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 white pawnc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 black kingc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. b4   (西西里翼弃兵)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 white pawnb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 black kingb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. a3   (孟加里尼/范·杜因变招)

不太常见的是试图通过下 2. b4 (翼弃兵) 来破坏 c 兵对 d4 的控制，以诱惑其离开中心。由于黑方被认为可以安全地吃掉提供的兵并持有它，最近出现了一个新的思路，就是用 2. a3 (孟加里尼变招) 来准备 b4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white knightd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 black kingc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nc3   (封闭式西西里)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. f4   (大奖赛/麦克唐纳攻击)

白方可以延迟对 d4 的争夺，通常以 2. Nc3 (封闭式西西里) 来实现，尽管 2. f4 (大奖赛攻击) 也被采用。2. f4 是一步激烈的攻击性走法，2. Nc3 通常会导致一个更封闭的和慢节奏的局面，尽管 f4 通常会在之后出现。

统计

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数据库显示白方大约有 36% 的获胜机会，平局率为 30%，黑方获胜率为 33%。

预计下一步流行度：Nf3 74%，Nc3 10%，c3 7%，d4 3%，Bc4 2%，f4 2%，d3 1%，b3 1%，c4 1%，Ne2 1%，g3 0.4%，b4 0.4%，其他走法少于 0.3%。

注意，这些走法频率偏向于更强棋手的数据库。对于业余棋手来说，下一步的频率可能大不相同。例如，请查看下面的 Lichess 数据库数据，其中 2. Nf3 的出现频率仅为 56%，而 2. Bc4 的出现频率高达 7%。

走法 平均 365Chess.com (大型) Chess Tempo (全部) chessgames.com Lichess (大师级) Lichess (数据库)
2. Nf3 74.2% 75.4 76.4 80.8 82.2 56.0
2. Nc3 9.5 10.5 10.4 8.4 7.6 10.8
2. c3 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.1 6.6 5.4
2. d4 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 8.1
2. Bc4 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 7.3
2. f4 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 4.5
2. d3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.2
2. b3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
2. c4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.2
2. Ne2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3
2. g3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6
2. b4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0
其他走法 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

理论表

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1. e4 c5

  2 3 4 5 评估 备注
开放式西西里 Nf3
Nc6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
  		2. Nf3 Nc6 是西西里的老式走法。它会导致开放式西西里，如卡拉什尼科夫、斯维什尼科夫或加速龙。如果白方不希望进入开放式西西里，他们可以下罗斯利莫
开放式西西里 Nf3
d6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
Nf6 		Nc3
  		= 2. Nf3 d6 进入现代开放式西西里变招。这些变招包括纳杰夫、龙、经典和舍文宁根等等。对于那些不想要开放式西西里的棋手来说，莫斯科是一个选择。
封闭式西西里 Nc3
Nc6 		g3
g6 		Bg2
Bg7 		d3
d6 		=
阿拉宾变招 c3
Nf6 		e5
Nd5 		d4
cxd4 		Nf3
Nc6 		=
史密斯-莫拉弃兵 d4
cxd4 		c3
dxc3 		Nxc3
Nc6 		Nf3
d6 		=
鲍德勒攻击 Bc4
 
大奖赛攻击 f4
d5 		Nc3
d4 		Nce2
Nc6 		d3
c4 		=
d3 d3
  		通常是一个封闭式西西里，但国王印度攻击也是可能的。
斯奈德变招 b3
Nc6 		Bb2
 
斯陶顿-科克兰变招 c4
Nc6 		Nc3
g6 		=
凯雷斯变招 Ne2
Nc6 		Nbc3
 
施泰尼茨变招 g3
d5 		exd5
Qxd5
翼弃兵 b4
  		不太常见
孟加里尼变招 a3
  		不太常见。也被称为范·杜因的变招。
e5
  		不太常见
克朗伯格变招 Na3
  		不太常见。
Qh5
  		不太常见。另请参阅：帕拉姆攻击
大卫王开局 Ke2
  		不太常见。
西西里亚马逊攻击 Qg4
  		不太常见。

有关理论表的解释，请参阅 理论表 ，有关符号的解释，请参阅 代数符号。

在为本维基教科书贡献内容时，请遵循 组织规范。

维基百科 中有相关信息，位于 西西里防御

参考文献

[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
  • Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (编辑), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
  • 卡斯帕罗夫，加里，& 基恩，雷蒙德 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.


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