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国际象棋开局理论/1. e4/1...c5

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西西里防御
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
Forsyth-Edwards 符号 (FEN) 中的棋局

rnbqkbnr/pp1ppppp/8/2p5/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w

棋步： 1. e4 c5
ECO 代码： B20-B99
父节点： 国王兵开局

西西里防御

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棋步 1. e4 c5 构成了西西里防御，一种反击性的开局，其中棋手通常在棋盘的两侧发动进攻。西西里防御于 1594 年由 Giulio Cesare Polerio 首先引入象棋世界，并在 20 世纪初作为一种相对温和的变式进入主流。随着新的进攻理念的发现，它在 20 世纪 50 年代成为黑方最可怕的武器，并且是所有开局中分析最透彻的开局之一。

黑方的棋步 1...c5 旨在创造一个半开放的 c 路，控制重要的 d4 格，并允许黑方皇后在需要时走出，同时 c 兵本身是安全的，不会受到攻击，不像 1. e4 e5 之后那样。

白方的应对

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a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 white pawnd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c4   (斯汤顿-科克伦变式)

1...c5 在局面中引入了不对称性；如果白方以 2. c4 (类似于英式开局的斯汤顿-科克伦变式) 模仿黑方的棋步，那将会削弱 d4 格，并使之后下 d4 变得更加困难。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 white pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4   (史密斯-莫拉弃兵局)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4 cxd4 3. c3   (史密斯-莫拉弃兵局)

面对 c5 上的兵，白方可以选择以 2. d4 (史密斯-莫拉弃兵局) 来应对，这通常会导致弃兵以快速发展。在 2...cxd4 之后，白方可以下 3. c3，牺牲另一个兵，以便下 4. Nxc3 来在莫拉弃兵局中获得发展上的优势。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white knightg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nf3   (开放式西西里防御)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c3   (阿拉平变式)

更常见的做法是白方先延迟一步 d4，同时加强他们对 d4 格的控制。这可以通过以下两种方式实现：2. Nf3 通常会导致西西里防御的主要路线（开放式西西里防御），或者 2. c3 试图建立一个强大的兵中心。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 white pawnc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 black kingc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. b4   (西西里翼弃兵局)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 white pawnb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 black kingb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. a3   (门加里尼/范杜因变式)

不太常见的是试图通过下 2. b4 (翼弃兵局) 来破坏 c 兵对 d4 格的控制，以引诱它离开中心。由于黑方可以安全地吃掉提供的兵并将其保留，因此最近出现了一个新的思路，即通过下 2. a3 (门加里尼变式) 来准备 b4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white knightd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 black kingc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nc3   (封闭式西西里防御)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. f4   (大奖赛/麦克唐纳进攻)

白方可能会延迟 d4 的争夺，通常通过下 2. Nc3 (封闭式西西里防御)，虽然 2. f4 (大奖赛进攻) 也是可以下的。2. f4 是一个猛烈的进攻棋步，2. Nc3 通常会导致更封闭和缓慢的局面，虽然 f4 经常会在之后出现。

统计数据

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数据库显示白方大约有 36% 的胜率，和棋率为 30%，黑方胜率为 33%。

估计下一步的流行度：Nf3 74%，Nc3 10%，c3 7%，d4 3%，Bc4 2%，f4 2%，d3 1%，b3 1%，c4 1%，Ne2 1%，g3 0.4%，b4 0.4%，其他棋步低于 0.3%。

请注意，这些棋步频率偏向于更强的棋手数据库。对于俱乐部棋手来说，下一步的频率可能会有很大差异。例如，请参见下面来自 Lichess 数据库的数据，其中 2. Nf3 的出现频率仅为 56%，而 2. Bc4 的出现频率高达 7%。

棋步 平均值 365Chess.com (大) Chess Tempo (所有) chessgames.com Lichess (大师) Lichess (数据库)
2. Nf3 74.2% 75.4 76.4 80.8 82.2 56.0
2. Nc3 9.5 10.5 10.4 8.4 7.6 10.8
2. c3 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.1 6.6 5.4
2. d4 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 8.1
2. Bc4 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 7.3
2. f4 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 4.5
2. d3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.2
2. b3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
2. c4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.2
2. Ne2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3
2. g3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6
2. b4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0
其他所有 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

理论表

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1. e4 c5

  2 3 4 5 评估 备注
开放式西西里防御 Nf3
Nc6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
  		2. Nf3 Nc6 是西西里防御的旧式形式。它会导致开放式西西里防御，如卡拉什尼科夫变式、斯维什尼科夫变式或加速龙变式。如果白方不想进入开放式西西里防御，他们可以选择下罗斯利莫变式
开放式西西里防御 Nf3
d6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
Nf6 		Nc3
  		= 2. Nf3 d6 进入现代开放式西西里防御变式。这些变式包括奈杰尔多夫变式、龙变式、经典变式和谢文宁根变式等。莫斯科变式是那些不想下开放式西西里防御的棋手的一种选择。
封闭式西西里防御 Nc3
Nc6 		g3
g6 		Bg2
Bg7 		d3
d6 		=
阿拉平变式 c3
Nf6 		e5
Nd5 		d4
cxd4 		Nf3
Nc6 		=
史密斯-莫拉弃兵局 d4
cxd4 		c3
dxc3 		Nxc3
Nc6 		Nf3
d6 		=
鲍德勒进攻 Bc4
 
大奖赛进攻 f4
d5 		Nc3
d4 		Nce2
Nc6 		d3
c4 		=
d3 d3
  		通常是封闭式西西里防御，但也可以是国王印度进攻。
斯奈德变式 b3
Nc6 		Bb2
 
斯汤顿-科克伦变式 c4
Nc6 		Nc3
g6 		=
凯雷斯变式 Ne2
Nc6 		Nbc3
 
施泰尼茨变式 g3
d5 		exd5
Qxd5
翼弃兵局 b4
  		不太常见
门加里尼变式 a3
  		不太常见。也称为范杜因变式。
e5
  		不太常见
克隆伯格变式 Na3
  		不太常见。
Qh5
  		不太常见。参见：帕拉姆进攻
大卫王的开局 Ke2
  		不太常见。
西西里亚马逊进攻 Qg4
  		不太常见。

有关理论表的解释，请参见 理论表，有关符号的解释，请参见 代数符号。

在为这本维基教科书贡献内容时，请遵循 组织约定。

维基百科 在 西西里防御 上有相关信息。

参考文献

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  • Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (编者), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
  • 卡斯帕罗夫, 加里, & 基恩, 雷蒙德 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.


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