加拿大难民程序/权利和自由宪章

权利和自由宪章

以下是适用于难民程序的加拿大权利和自由宪章的选定条款

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law:

IRB 的部门有权决定与权利和自由宪章相关的事项

IRB 的部门被赋予了决定法律问题的权力，因此有权解决与他们面前的适当事项密不可分相关的宪法问题。^[1] 参见：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 66 - 宪法问题通知。

Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.

Fundamental Freedoms
2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; 
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d) freedom of association.

第 6 条：流动权

Mobility Rights
6.(1) Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter, remain in and leave Canada.
(2) Every citizen of Canada and every person who has the status of a permanent resident of Canada has the right
 (a) to move to and take up residence in any province; and
 (b) to pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any province.
(3) The rights specified in subsection (2) are subject to
 (a) any laws or practices of general application in force in a province other than those that discriminate among persons primarily on the basis of province of present or previous residence; and
 (b) any laws providing for reasonable residency requirements as a qualification for the receipt of publicly provided social services.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration in a province of conditions of individuals in that province who are socially or economically disadvantaged if the rate of employment in that province is below the rate of employment in Canada.

第 7 条：法律权利，包括生命、自由和人身安全

Legal Rights
7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.

驱逐非公民本身并不侵犯自由或人身安全权

驱逐非公民本身并不侵犯宪章第 7 条保障的自由权，因为该条保障的自由并不包括“无论法律如何，在任何地方的自由”。^[2] 当考虑人身安全时，答案也是一样的，正如加拿大最高法院在《梅多瓦斯基诉加拿大》案中裁定：“移民法的最基本原则是，非公民没有无条件的权利进入或留在加拿大……[并且]……驱逐非公民本身不会牵涉到《加拿大权利和自由宪章》第 7 条保护的自由和安全利益”。^[3] 当然，当个人预料到返回原籍国后会受到虐待时，答案可能会有所不同。

驱逐加拿大出生子女的父母不会违反子女的第 7 条权利

联邦上诉法院在《朗纳诉加拿大》案中裁定，“驱逐加拿大出生子女的父母不会违反父母或子女的第 7 条权利”。之所以如此，是因为父母与子女分离是由于父母决定在被遣返加拿大时不带子女一起离开。^[4]

个人在 RPD 或 RAD 听证时不面临驱逐

有时，申请人辩称，部门的决定违反了《宪章》第 7 条，因为他们在返回原籍国后，对酷刑或不人道或有辱人格的待遇怀有真正和合理的恐惧。正如联邦法院在《辛格诉加拿大》案中裁定，RPD 或 RAD 面前的个人目前不面临驱逐，因此他们关于驱逐将违反《宪章》的论点为时过早。^[5] 此类论点最好在以后的诉讼阶段提出，在该阶段，他们可以申请暂停驱逐。

这一原则同样适用于难民制度中的排除和不可接受。正如联邦上诉法院所言，由于排除或不可接受的认定不涉及第 7 条，因此必然得出结论，第 7 条不因拒绝第 96 条风险评估而受到影响。^[6] 非公民在法律上无权“根据普通法或加拿大已加入的任何国际公约被认定为政治难民”。^[7]

人身自由权涉及《难民公约》中的行动自由权

《加拿大权利和自由宪章》第 7 条规定，每个人都有权享有自由。《难民公约》第 31(1) 条规定，“缔约国不得因非法入境或滞留而对难民处以处罚，这些难民直接来自其生命或自由受到《第 1 条》意义上的威胁的领土，在未经授权的情况下进入或留在其领土内，前提是他们应立即向当局申报，并说明他们非法入境或滞留的正当理由”。《难民公约》然后保护此类难民免受行动自由限制，“除必要限制外”，并且仅限于“直至其在该国的身份合法化或获得进入另一国的许可”。^[8]

第 8 条：不合理搜查或扣押

8. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.

边境搜查

许多难民申诉是在入境口岸提出的，在这种情况下，加拿大边境服务局官员可能会在某些情况下搜查其本人或其物品。加拿大最高法院裁定，根据《海关法》进行的例行搜查，例如行李搜查，不需要合理理由，与《宪章》第 8 条一致。更具侵入性的搜查，例如脱衣搜查，需要合理理由：R v Simmons。^[9] 《海关法》不能被解读为允许在例行边境检查期间对电子设备进行广泛的、无怀疑的搜查^[10]，因为对设备进行无限的、无怀疑的搜查将违反《宪章》。^[11] 同样，虽然《IRPA》的某些条款授权在个人提出难民申诉时进行搜查，但仅为了寻找犯罪行为而进行的搜查是不允许的。^[12] 另请参见：加拿大难民程序/140 - 扣押.

第 9 条：任意拘留或监禁

9. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned.

第 10 条：逮捕或拘留时的权利

10. Everyone has the right on arrest or detention
(a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefor;
(b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right; and
(c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful.

每个人在被捕或拘留时，都有权立即聘请和咨询律师，并被告知该权利

参见：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 14-16 - 代理律师#加拿大权利和自由宪章.

第 12 条：残酷和不人道待遇或处罚

12. Everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

个人在 RPD 或 RAD 听证时不面临驱逐

有时上诉人会争辩说，不接受他们的申诉意味着RPD或RAD的决定违反了《宪章》第 12 条。^[13] 有关此类论点如何得到处理的详细信息，请参见：加拿大难民程序/权利和自由宪章#个人在部门审理之前没有面临驱逐出境.

第 13 条：自证其罪

13. A witness who testifies in any proceedings has the right not to have any incriminating evidence so given used to incriminate that witness in any other proceedings, except in a prosecution for perjury or for the giving of contradictory evidence.

第 14 条：获得口译员帮助的权利

14. A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

第 15 条：平等权利

Equality Rights
15.(1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
(2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.

通常是当事方，而不是仲裁庭，有责任提出《宪章》第 15 条问题

联邦上诉法院已提醒说，行政仲裁庭不应主动提出新的《宪章》第 15 条问题。^[14]

第 15 条理由和《IRPA》条款的合宪性

针对《IRPA》的特定条款提出了许多第 15 条挑战。其中一项挑战目标是《IRPA》中限制上诉范围的条款，这些条款仅适用于根据《安全第三国协议》的豁免条款进入加拿大的那些人。在 Rodriguez诉加拿大案中，法院裁定，申请人并未证明，难民申请人进入加拿大的旅行选择是不可改变的个人特征，或者是在《第 15 条》含义上构成历史偏见或刻板印象的基础。^[15] 参见：加拿大难民程序/110-111 - 难民上诉部门上诉#110(2)(d)：根据《安全第三国协议》的例外情况获准提出难民申诉的申请人不得上诉.

驱逐永久居民不构成基于国籍的第 15 条违反

在加拿大诉齐亚雷利案中，索平卡法官裁定，驱逐永久居民不构成基于国籍的第 15 条的违反。^[16]

第 14 条和第 16-22 条：加拿大的官方语言

14. A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

***

Official Languages of Canada
16.(1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.
(2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.
(3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament or a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French.
16.1(1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.
(2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed.

17.(1) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of Parliament.
(2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of the legislature of New Brunswick.

18.(1) The statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.
(2) The statutes, records and journals of the legislature of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.

19.(1) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court established by Parliament.
(2) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court of New Brunswick.

20.(1) Any member of the public in Canada has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of any such institution where
(a) there is a significant demand for communications with and services from that office in such language; or
(b) due to the nature of the office, it is reasonable that communications with and services from that office be available in both English and French.
(2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or French.

21. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.

22. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any language that is not English or French.

RPD 规则关于程序语言、口译员和文件语言

有关这些条款的讨论，请参阅 RPD 规则 17 和 18 的评论，它们涉及程序语言（加拿大难民程序/程序语言）、RPD 规则 19，它涉及口译员（加拿大难民程序/口译员），以及 RPD 规则 32，它涉及文件语言（加拿大难民程序/文件#RPD 规则 32 - 文件语言），以及 RPD 规则 67 和本评论关于决定语言（加拿大难民程序/决定#决定理由以何种语言或语言提供，以便公开发布？）。

第 24 条：执行

***

Enforcement
24.(1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as guaranteed by this Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances.
(2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if it is established that, having regard to all the circumstances, the admission of it in the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

General
25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
(a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
(b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
26. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed as denying the existence of any other rights or freedoms that exist in Canada.
27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.
28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.
29. Nothing in this Charter abrogates or derogates from any rights or privileges guaranteed by or under the Constitution of Canada in respect of denominational, separate or dissentient schools.
30. A reference in this Charter to a province or to the legislative assembly or legislature of a province shall be deemed to include a reference to the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, or to the appropriate legislative authority thereof, as the case may be.
31. Nothing in this Charter extends the legislative powers of any body or authority.

Application of Charter
32.(1) This Charter applies
(a) to the Parliament and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories; and
(b) to the legislature and government of each province in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of each province.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), section 15 shall not have effect until three years after this section comes into force.
33.(1) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.
(2) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration.
(3) A declaration made under subsection (1) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration.
(4) Parliament or a legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection (1).
(5) Subsection (3) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection (4).

Citation
34. This Part may be cited as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

参考文献

↑ 托雷斯·维多利亚诉加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备），2011 年联邦法院 1392 号，第 38 段。
↑ 威廉姆斯诉加拿大（公民与移民部长），[1997] 2 FC 646 (CA) 第 24 段，引自马丁·瓦卢瓦和亨利·巴尔博，联邦法院和移民与难民法，在马丁·瓦卢瓦等，编辑，联邦上诉法院和联邦法院：50 年历史，多伦多：欧文法律出版社，2021 年，第 325 页。
↑ 梅多瓦尔斯基诉加拿大（公民与移民部长）；埃斯特班诉加拿大（公民与移民部长），2005 SCC 51 (CanLII)，[2005] 2 SCR 539，<https://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5>，于 2021 年 12 月 19 日检索。
↑ 朗纳诉加拿大（就业与移民部长）（1995），184 N.R. 230 (F.C.A.)，引自伊达霍萨诉加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备部长），2008 年联邦上诉法院 418 号，[2009] 4 F.C.R. 293，第 49 段。
↑ 辛格诉加拿大（公民与移民），2021 年联邦法院 341 号 (CanLII)，第 18 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jhcgn#par18>，于 2023 年 8 月 23 日检索。
↑ 塔帕姆瓦诉加拿大（公民与移民），2019 年联邦上诉法院 34 号。
↑ 阮诉加拿大（就业与移民部长），[1993] FCJ 第 47 号。
↑ 难民公约，第 31 条（2）。
↑ R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 30 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par30>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。
↑ R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 33 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par33>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。
↑ R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 58 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par58>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。
↑ R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 116 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par116>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。
↑ 例如，达维拉·瓦尔德斯诉加拿大（公民与移民），2022 年联邦法院 596 号 (CanLII)，第 21 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwq#par21>，于 2022 年 5 月 13 日查阅。
↑ 加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备）诉伊文，2023 年联邦上诉法院 225 号 (CanLII)，第 25 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k165v#par25>，于 2023 年 11 月 20 日检索。
↑ 梅迪纳·罗德里格斯诉加拿大（公民与移民），2024 年联邦法院 401 号 (CanLII)，第 39 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par39>，于 2024 年 5 月 18 日检索。
↑ 加拿大（就业与移民部长）诉齐亚雷利，1992 年 CanLII 87 (SCC)，[1992] 1 S.C.R. 711，第 736 页。

[1] 托雷斯·维多利亚诉加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备），2011 年联邦法院 1392 号，第 38 段。

[2] 威廉姆斯诉加拿大（公民与移民部长），[1997] 2 FC 646 (CA) 第 24 段，引自马丁·瓦卢瓦和亨利·巴尔博，联邦法院和移民与难民法，在马丁·瓦卢瓦等，编辑，联邦上诉法院和联邦法院：50 年历史，多伦多：欧文法律出版社，2021 年，第 325 页。

[3] 梅多瓦尔斯基诉加拿大（公民与移民部长）；埃斯特班诉加拿大（公民与移民部长），2005 SCC 51 (CanLII)，[2005] 2 SCR 539，<https://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5>，于 2021 年 12 月 19 日检索。

[4] 朗纳诉加拿大（就业与移民部长）（1995），184 N.R. 230 (F.C.A.)，引自伊达霍萨诉加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备部长），2008 年联邦上诉法院 418 号，[2009] 4 F.C.R. 293，第 49 段。

[5] 辛格诉加拿大（公民与移民），2021 年联邦法院 341 号 (CanLII)，第 18 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jhcgn#par18>，于 2023 年 8 月 23 日检索。

[6] 塔帕姆瓦诉加拿大（公民与移民），2019 年联邦上诉法院 34 号。

[7] 阮诉加拿大（就业与移民部长），[1993] FCJ 第 47 号。

[8] 难民公约，第 31 条（2）。

[9] R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 30 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par30>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。

[10] R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 33 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par33>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。

[11] R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 58 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par58>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。

[12] R 诉阿尔阿斯卡里，2021 年艾伯塔省上诉法院 204 号 (CanLII)，第 116 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jg55r#par116>，于 2021 年 9 月 6 日检索。

[13] 例如，达维拉·瓦尔德斯诉加拿大（公民与移民），2022 年联邦法院 596 号 (CanLII)，第 21 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwq#par21>，于 2022 年 5 月 13 日查阅。

[14] 加拿大（公共安全和紧急准备）诉伊文，2023 年联邦上诉法院 225 号 (CanLII)，第 25 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k165v#par25>，于 2023 年 11 月 20 日检索。

[15] 梅迪纳·罗德里格斯诉加拿大（公民与移民），2024 年联邦法院 401 号 (CanLII)，第 39 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par39>，于 2024 年 5 月 18 日检索。

[16] 加拿大（就业与移民部长）诉齐亚雷利，1992 年 CanLII 87 (SCC)，[1992] 1 S.C.R. 711，第 736 页。

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]