加拿大难民程序/165 - 成员的权力
立法条款规定
Powers of a commissioner 165 The Refugee Protection Division, the Refugee Appeal Division and the Immigration Division and each member of those Divisions have the powers and authority of a commissioner appointed under Part I of the Inquiries Act and may do any other thing they consider necessary to provide a full and proper hearing.
根据之前的《移民法》，等效条款的表述如下
67. (1) The Refugee Division has, in respect of proceedings under sections 69.1 and 69.2, sole and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all questions of law and fact, including questions of jurisdiction. (2) The Refugee Division, and each member thereof, has all the powers and authority of a commissioner appointed under Part I of the Inquiries Act and, without restricting the generality of the foregoing, may, for the purposes of a hearing, (a) issue a summons to any person requiring that person to appear at the time and place mentioned therein to testify with respect to all matters within that person's knowledge relative to the subject-matter of the hearing and to bring and produce any document, book or paper that the person has or controls relative to that subject-matter; (b) administer oaths and examine any person on oath; (c) issue commissions or requests to take evidence in Canada; and (d) do any other thing necessary to provide a full and proper hearing.
随着《移民和难民保护法》的出现，上述条款被修正为以下内容：[1]
165. The Refugee Protection Division and the Immigration Division and each member of those Divisions have the powers and authority of a commissioner appointed under Part I of the Inquiries Act and may do any other thing they consider necessary to provide a full and proper hearing.
《释义法》第 31(2) 条规定：“凡授予任何个人、官员或职员以执行任何行动或事项的权力，则所有必要的权力，以使该个人、官员或职员能够执行或强制执行该行动或事项，均视为也已授予。”[2]
除了传唤证人的权力外，成员还拥有“为提供充分而适当的听证会而采取的任何其他措施”的权力。委员会指出，这项权力可能包括，除其他事项外，允许书记员、口译员和保安人员在听证会中提供协助。它还将包括在必要时休庭和变更诉讼地点的权力。[3]
关于 RAD 提出问题和引入新证据的权力，请参见：加拿大难民程序/110-111 - 上诉至难民上诉分庭#RAD 必须根据 RPD 程序记录进行处理，无需举行听证会，但须遵守列出的例外情况，但本条款不限制 RAD 提出问题或引入新证据.
依赖此条款的一个例子是，在 COVID-19 疫情期间，委员会延长了申请人必须在入境口岸提出申请后提供申诉理由表格的时间期限。关于此的实践通知引用了该法的此项条款（“[...]（分庭）...可以采取任何其他措施，以提供充分而适当的听证会”）作为该决定的依据，正如本对 RPD 规则 8 的评论中所述：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 3-13 - 应提供的信息和文件#本规则适用于延期申请，但不限制委员会自行延长期限的能力.
法院在《加拿大诉卡隆案》中得出结论，RPD 无权在正式听证会之前或之外强迫提供证据。[4] 也就是说，委员会可能需要协助申请人获取信息，例如要求部长向相关加拿大执法机构进行询问。有关详细信息，请参见：加拿大难民程序/委员会的调查性任务#如果申请人没有获得与其主张相关的文件的可能性.
此外，这些权力不能在正式听证会之外使用的观点很难与委员会关于其实践及其如何解释此权力的长期声明相协调
在法庭上，法官参与任何形式的调查都是不恰当的，无论证据对法官来说多么不令人满意。然而，由于难民分庭的非对抗性性质，以及其成员拥有根据《调查法》第一部分任命的专员的权力和权威，因此在某些情况下，难民分庭成员可以自行调查案件的事实。[5]
此外，Kahlon似乎没有考虑该条款的立法史，该条款明确删除了对该权力施加的限制，规定该权力仅用于听证会。随着《难民保护法》的颁布，该法案发生了变化，使得RPD成员被授予权力，可以进一步调查他们认为对验证索赔的可信度至关重要的任何问题。Sanders Carcamo v. Canada似乎证实了该法案第 165 条适用，即使在没有举行听证会的情况下也是如此。[6]
另见：《难民保护法》第 170 条规定，难民保护司在其面前的任何诉讼中，可以调查其认为与确定索赔是否成立有关的任何事项，该条款是与《难民保护法》一同引入的。另见：加拿大难民程序/170 - 诉讼#《难民保护法》第 170(a) 条 - 可以调查其认为与确定索赔是否成立有关的任何事项。
成员的管辖范围不受加拿大领土的限制。
[edit | edit source]委员会已声明
难民司成员的管辖范围不受领土限制。例如，通常在蒙特利尔审理案件的难民司成员也可以在温哥华审理案件，反之亦然。[7]
该条款可以用来支持以下论点：委员会可以命令部长协助将加拿大境外的申诉人遣返加拿大。
[edit | edit source]《难民保护法》第 165 条赋予司成员根据《调查法》第 1 部分担任专员的权力，以及“为提供充分、适当的听证会而采取他们认为必要的任何其他行动”的权力。如果某事提交给该司，而申诉人身处加拿大境外，且无法通过电信进行裁决，则该条款可以说可以作为该司可以命令部长协助将相关人员遣返加拿大（例如，通过向该个人颁发旅行证件）的依据。
但请参阅《难民保护法》第 175(2) 条，该条规定 IAD 可以要求官员向个人颁发旅行证件，该条款没有适用于 RPD 和 RAD 的等效条款，这可能意味着这些司缺乏此类权力。此外，在之前的《移民法》下，委员会指出其难民司没有管辖权命令部长或加拿大公民及移民部 (CIC) 将某人从加拿大驱逐或不驱逐出加拿大，或允许某人来加拿大参加听证会。[7]
另见：联邦法院已经下令政府尽最大努力将个人遣返加拿大，如果这是难民申诉的必要条件，或者如果该个人被发现是身处国外的公约难民。[8]
另见：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 53 - 更改诉讼地点#即使申诉人离开加拿大，该司也有管辖权进行听证会。
《调查法》第 I 部分
[edit | edit source]《调查法》第 I 部分的完整文本如下：
PART I Public Inquiries Inquiry 2 The Governor in Council may, whenever the Governor in Council deems it expedient, cause inquiry to be made into and concerning any matter connected with the good government of Canada or the conduct of any part of the public business thereof. Appointment of commissioners 3 Where an inquiry as described in section 2 is not regulated by any special law, the Governor in Council may, by a commission, appoint persons as commissioners by whom the inquiry shall be conducted. Powers of commissioners concerning evidence 4 The commissioners have the power of summoning before them any witnesses, and of requiring them to (a) give evidence, orally or in writing, and on oath or, if they are persons entitled to affirm in civil matters on solemn affirmation; and (b) produce such documents and things as the commissioners deem requisite to the full investigation of the matters into which they are appointed to examine. Idem, enforcement 5 The commissioners have the same power to enforce the attendance of witnesses and to compel them to give evidence as is vested in any court of record in civil cases.
这些条款允许小组强制传唤证人并提供证据。
[edit | edit source]正如《公共调查程序》中所述，《调查法》的核心程序特征是“授权专员强制传唤证人并提供证据”。[9] RPD 将通过 RPD 规则 44-48 的框架行使其传唤个人的权力：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 44-48 - 证人。
有关委员会传唤文件的权力的讨论，请参阅Canada v. Kahlon。[10] 访问记录的请求应由持有记录的政府机构而不是主管部长处理。[11]
这些权力必须以公平的方式行使，这通常需要向部长发出通知。
[edit | edit source]司成员拥有根据《调查法》任命的专员的权力。这赋予他们传唤证人并要求其提供上述《法案》第 4 条规定的证据的权力。当小组行使这些权力时，必须以对部长公平的方式行使，无论其是否如相关司的规则所定义的那样是诉讼的当事方。例如，在Canada v. Miller中，部长没有介入诉讼，当 RAD 要求上诉人进一步提交材料时，部长没有收到此通知。联邦法院裁定，这在程序上不公平，并以此为由撤销了该决定。[12] 另见：加拿大难民程序/RPD 规则 1 - 定义#尽管部长不是诉讼的当事方，但他们可能需要程序公正。
《调查法》第 III 部分
[edit | edit source]《调查法》第 III 部分是一项通用条款，适用于根据第 I 部分拥有权力的专员，以及根据该法案第 II 部分任命的专员（与 IRB 委员会成员无关）。
PART III General Employment of counsel, experts and assistants 11 (1) The commissioners, whether appointed under Part I or under Part II, may, if authorized by the commission issued in the case, engage the services of (a) such accountants, engineers, technical advisers or other experts, clerks, reporters and assistants as they deem necessary or advisable; and (b) counsel to aid and assist the commissioners in an inquiry. Experts may take evidence and report (2) The commissioners may authorize and depute any accountants, engineers, technical advisers or other experts, the services of whom are engaged under subsection (1), or any other qualified persons, to inquire into any matter within the scope of the commission as may be directed by the commissioners. Powers (3) The persons deputed under subsection (2), when authorized by order in council, have the same powers as the commissioners have to take evidence, issue subpoenas, enforce the attendance of witnesses, compel them to give evidence, and otherwise conduct the inquiry. Report (4) The persons deputed under subsection (2) shall report the evidence and their findings, if any, thereon to the commissioners. Parties may employ counsel 12 The commissioners may allow any person whose conduct is being investigated under this Act, and shall allow any person against whom any charge is made in the course of an investigation, to be represented by counsel. Notice to persons charged 13 No report shall be made against any person until reasonable notice has been given to the person of the charge of misconduct alleged against him and the person has been allowed full opportunity to be heard in person or by counsel.
参考文献
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Kahlon, 2005 FC 1000 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 493, 第 21 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/1ldlc#par21>，于 2022-08-04 检索。
- ↑ 解释法，RSC 1985，c I-21，第 31 条，<https://canlii.ca/t/7vhg#sec31>，于 2022-08-23 检索。
- ↑ 加拿大移民与难民委员会。难民司的权力，最后更新：2006 年 9 月 6 日，在线 <https://web.archive.org/web/20071115153348/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb02_e.htm> (于 2023 年 11 月 9 日访问)。
- ↑ Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Kahlon, 2005 FC 1000 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 493, 第 42 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/1ldlc#par42>，于 2022-08-04 检索。
- ↑ 加拿大移民与难民委员会。CRDD 手册，日期：1999 年 3 月 31 日，在线 <https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm> (于 2023 年 11 月 9 日访问)。
- ↑ Sanders Carcamo c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration), 2024 CF 1181 (CanLII), 第 7 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k61wd#par7>，于 2024-08-12 访问。
- ↑ a b 加拿大移民与难民委员会。CRDD 手册：管辖权，日期：1999 年 3 月 31 日，在线：<https://web.archive.org/web/20071115152433/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb03_e.htm> (于 2023 年 11 月 13 日访问)。
- ↑ Rocha Badillo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 1092 (CanLII), 第 37 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k5rd8#par37>，于 2024-09-13 检索。
- ↑ Ratushny, Ed, 《公共调查程序：法律、政策和实践》，于 2009 年 9 月 28 日发布，Irwin Law：多伦多，在线电子书：https://www.deslibris.ca/ID/432671，第 301 页。
- ↑ Canada (Minister of Public Safety & Emergency Preparedness) v. Kahlon, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1335, [2006] 3 F.C.R. 493 (F.C.)。
- ↑ Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Dos Santos Freitas, 2024 FC 608 (CanLII), 第 18 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/k45zc#par18>，于 2024-05-16 检索。
- ↑ 加拿大（公民与移民）诉米勒案，2022 FC 1131 (CanLII)，第 60 段，<https://canlii.ca/t/jr5nh#par60>，于 2022 年 8 月 3 日检索。