在我们开始之前,请考虑以下内容

我们如何计算这个和?乍一看可能很困难,但是如果你使用变量代替数字,上面的和中的每一项都将采用以下形式

你可以将其改写为

因此,我们可以将原始问题改写如下

重新分组
所以除了第一项和最后一项之外的所有项都抵消了,得出

信不信由你,我们刚刚做了部分分式!
部分分式是一种将涉及乘积的复杂分数分解为较简单分数之和的方法。
那么,我们如何进行部分分式?看下面的例子

对分母进行因式分解

然后我们**假设可以**将其分解成两个分式,分别以 *(z - 1)* 和 *(z - 2)* 为分母,设其分子分别为 *a* 和 *b*:

乘以 *(z - 1)*(z - 2)*



因此,通过匹配 z 的同类幂系数,我们有

此外

因此

一般来说,这种方法只适用于真分数。分子次数大于分母次数的分数需要先进行除法。
1. Can you find an equivalent expression to
that is defined for
?
TIP: Here, "defined" means having some value p for which the equation yields 1/3.
在上一节中,我们讨论了对分母进行因式分解,并将每个因子作为每个项的分母。但是,当存在重复因子时会发生什么?我们可以应用相同的方法吗?请看以下示例

除了上面建议的方法之外,我们想使用另一种方法来处理这个问题。我们首先去掉一些因子,使其变成非重复形式,对其进行部分分式分解,然后将因子乘回去,最后对这两个分数进行部分分式分解。

对后面部分进行部分分式分解

乘以 (x + 2)(x - 1)



通过匹配 x 的同类幂系数,我们有

将 a = 4 - b 代入 (B) 中,

因此 b = 1 且 a = 3。
我们继续


现在我们再次进行部分分式分解

乘以 (x + 2)(x - 1)



通过匹配x同次幂的系数,我们得到

将a = -b 代入(B),我们得到

因此b = 1/3 且 a = -1/3。
所以最终,

2. What about
?
为了简化,我们应该始终尝试对分母进行因式分解。然而,在某些情况下,对多项式进行因式分解会导致复数系数。由于这些系数并不能简化我们的任务,我们将保持多项式不变。也就是说,作为不可约二次因子

在处理二次因子时,我们应该使用以下部分分式

从而得到

乘以(x + 3)(x^2 + 2)



通过匹配x同次幂的系数,我们得到

解题



因此,b = 5、a = 2 和 c = 7。
最终

3. Try breaking down
.