童军/BSA/考古学功章

此功章的要求版权所有，归美国童军所有。它们在此部分转载，根据合理使用作为童军和童军领袖在获取和教授功章时使用的资源。美国童军发布的要求应始终优先于此处的列表。如果有任何关于要求准确性的疑问，请咨询您的功章辅导员。
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年轻的考古学家俱乐部在探险

要求 1

说明什么是考古学，并解释它与人类学、地质学、古生物学、寻宝和历史的不同之处。

 Archaeology is the study of past human life by examining buildings and objects found in the ground; geology is the science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth; anthropology is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind; paleontology is the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils; treasure hunting is seeking relics of history for the sake of finding them rather than scientific goals or pursuit of knowledge; history is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events.

要求 2

描述考古学过程的每个步骤：遗址定位、研究设计开发、历史研究、遗址发掘、文物识别和鉴定、解释、保护和信息共享。

 Site location: First, the archaeologists try to locate sites. There are many ways to find sites. Archaeologists can locate sites by looking for places where there is a possibility that ancient cultures might have survived. A likely idea is near a river, but not close enough for houses to be affected by floods. An unlikely idea is in the center of a desert, far way from a source of water. Some sites are found before a construction. Before a building construction, archaeologists are informed of the building. If they find artifacts, construction plans might have to be changed. Construction might also be delayed. Site excavation: 2nd, before the excavation the archaeologists separate the field into several areas. After that, they begin to protect the site. They forbid access to other people. At the end, they begin to excavate. Artifact identification and examination: The assistance of specialists and the recourse to laboratories often are essential to date to determine materials or organizations, to study the human remainders. Interpretation: After the study of the new data, the researcher proposes several assumptions on the object find. This aspect determining of research often calls upon a gathering of specialized knowledge joined together in data bases. Preservation: the preservation is of course out of question of preserving all the sites concealing of the vestiges.  It’s imperative to preserve the sites major and necessary to study the others before any destruction.  It is also advisable to ensure the conservation of the vestiges put at the day:  they are intended to enter public collections (museums), where they are then accessible to the researchers. Information sharing: The diffusion of the results of the excavations and the archaeological studies constitutes an essential stage of the work of the archaeologist.  The ministry for the Culture and the Communication took this route by the means of a policy of edition and exposures in order to sensitize the public with archaeological research. The regional services of archaeology publish each year a regional scientific assessment.

要求 3

描述至少两种考古学家用来确定遗址、结构或文物的年代的方法。解释什么是相对年代测定。

 1) The dating with carbon-14 is a method of measurement of the age of an organic subtance (time passed since the death).  The absolute age limits which can be measured is approximately 50 000 years.  The dating with the carbon-14 is a powerful tool thanks to which them archaeologists dates from the events before indatable, in particular those which are old of more than 6000 years (prehistoric). 2)the archaeologists can date object with the style. For example in Greece, people black , background red (-620 ; -530) and people red, background black (from -530).

要求 4

完成以下两个操作

A. 了解三个位于美国以外的考古遗址。

B. 了解三个位于美国的考古遗址。

C. 参观一个考古遗址并了解它。

对于每个您为选项 a、b 或 c 研究的遗址，在地图上指出它并解释它是如何被发现的。描述在每个遗址发现的一些关于过去的信息。解释从研究这些遗址获得的信息如何回答考古学家提出的问题以及这些信息对现代人有何重要意义。比较您研究的遗址的相对年代。

要求 5

从您在要求 4 中选择的遗址中选择一个，并向童军小队、您的童军团队、您的学校班级或其他团体简要介绍您的发现。

要求 6

完成以下操作

A. 解释为什么保护考古遗址很重要。

 It is important to protect archaeological sites. The archaeological sites are unique. Many of the sites are broken. They need protection. The sites have been made by our ancestors. It’s important to protect these sites.

B. 解释人们如果认为他们发现了文物应该怎么做。

 When a person finds old objects, he must call to the City Hall. The City Hall can call to an archaeologist. Many sites are found during a construction of a road, buildings, landscaping, etc... All states have laws to protect sites.

C. 描述您可以成为过去守护者的方式。

 To protect archaeological sites, you must obey the law of protection of archaeological objects. don’t do excavation alone

要求 7

完成以下一个操作

A. 列出您将在时间胶囊中放入的物品。与您的功章辅导员讨论，一千年的考古学家可能会从您的胶囊内容中了解到关于您和您所处的文化的哪些信息。

 Archaeologists will understand what the world was like with the photos, the map, and the books. They will understand what some people of the world think with the religious text.
 * photos of all the world
 * Bible and other religious texts
 * current map of the world

B. 列出您家人在一周内扔掉的垃圾。与您的辅导员讨论，如果他们在一千年后发现您的垃圾，考古学家可能会了解到关于您和您家人的哪些信息。

要求 8

完成以下一个操作

A. 在合格考古学家的监督下，花费至少 8 个小时帮助挖掘考古遗址。

B. 在合格考古学家的监督下，花费至少 8 个小时在考古实验室帮助准备文物以供分析、储存或展示。

C. 如果您无法在合格考古学家的监督下在实地或实验室工作，您可以用模拟挖掘代替。要了解如何进行模拟挖掘，与专业考古学家、受过培训的业余考古学家、博物馆学校教师、初中或高中科学教师、当地考古学会的顾问或其他合格的教师交谈。计划您将埋在人工遗址中的物品，以显示在两个时间段内使用您的“遗址”。

要求 9

在合格考古学家或教师的监督下，完成以下一个操作

A. 帮助准备考古展品，在博物馆、游客中心、学校或其他公共场所展出。

B. 使用实验考古学的方法，重新制作一件物品或练习一项过去的技能。撰写一份简短的报告，解释实验及其结果。

要求 10

完成以下一个操作

A. 研究居住或曾经居住在您所在地区的美国印第安人。了解传统生活方式、住所、服装风格、艺术和手工艺品以及食物收集、准备和储存方法。描述您期望在这些人的考古遗址中发现什么。

B. 研究至少一百年前居住在您所在地区的定居者或士兵。了解早期定居者、农民、牧场主、士兵或城镇居民曾经居住在您现在的社区所在地区的房屋或堡垒、生活方式、服装风格、艺术和手工艺品以及饮食习惯。描述您期望在这些人的考古遗址中发现什么。

要求 11

确定考古学中的三种职业机会。选择一个并解释如何为这样的职业做准备。与您的辅导员讨论所需的教育和培训，并解释为什么您可能对这个职业感兴趣。

 Egyptologist studies old Egypt. An archaeologist need to work Latin and Greek. He goes an archaeologist's school and to choose option Egyptologist.
 Archaeologist under water: Sub-aqueous archaeology is research and the study of the vestiges in order to know the human activities of last and is practiced in interior water: artificial often closed:  wells, cisterns, underground conduits drowned, natural:  lakes, rivers, ponds, peat bogs, marshes, karst, and ground water. The aquatic environment is very favorable to archaeology: water protects from the destructive human actions, the organic and mineral elements safe from oxygen, the light and the biological organizations are preserved often perfectly. A archaeologist under water need do a  school of archaeology an to practice swimming under water.
 Restorer restores objects like ceramic and glass found in an archaeological excavation. They need to do history of art and after to work in “conservation and restoration of the object”

外部链接

• 考古学功章，包含工作簿 PDF、最新要求和资源。